Protein Wnt-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT16 gene. [5] [6] It has been proposed that stimulation of WNT16 expression in nearby normal cells is responsible for the development of chemotherapy-resistance in cancer cells. [7]
Protein Wnt-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT16 gene. [5] [6] It has been proposed that stimulation of WNT16 expression in nearby normal cells is responsible for the development of chemotherapy-resistance in cancer cells. [7]
The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. It contains two transcript variants diverging at the 5' termini. These two variants are proposed to be the products of separate promoters and not to be splice variants from a single promoter. They are differentially expressed in normal tissues, one of which (variant 2) is expressed at significant levels only in the pancreas, whereas another one (variant 1) is expressed more ubiquitously with highest levels in adult kidney, placenta, brain, heart, and spleen. [6]
WNT16B expression is regulated by nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1 (NF-κB) after DNA damage, as can occur to normal cells during radiation or chemotherapy. Subsequently WNT16B signals in a paracrine manner to activate the Wnt expression program in tumor cells. The expression of WNT16B in the tumor microenvironment attenuates the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy in vivo, promoting tumor cell survival and disease progression. This implies a mechanism by which cycles of genotoxic therapy might enhance subsequent treatment resistance in the tumor microenvironment. [7]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 5 also known as P-glycoprotein ABCB5 is a plasma membrane-spanning protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB5 gene. ABCB5 is an ABC transporter and P-glycoprotein family member principally expressed in physiological skin and human malignant melanoma.
Transcription factor 3, also known as TCF3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF3 gene. TCF3 has been shown to directly enhance Hes1 expression.
Proto-oncogene Wnt-1, or Proto-oncogene Int-1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT1 gene.
Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PBX1 gene. The homologous protein in Drosophila is known as extradenticle, and causes changes in embryonic development.
B-cell lymphoma 3-encoded protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL3 gene.
MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 3 (PRDM3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MECOM gene. EVI1 was first identified as a common retroviral integration site in AKXD murine myeloid tumors. It has since been identified in a plethora of other organisms, and seems to play a relatively conserved developmental role in embryogenesis. EVI1 is a nuclear transcription factor involved in many signaling pathways for both coexpression and coactivation of cell cycle genes.
PBX/Knotted 1 Homeobox 1 (PKNOX1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKNOX1 gene.
Hepatic leukemia factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLF gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA7 gene.
Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PBX2 gene.
OX-2 membrane glycoprotein, also named CD200 is a human protein encoded by the CD200 gene. CD200 gene is in human located on chromosome 3 in proximity to genes encoding other B7 proteins CD80/CD86. In mice CD200 gene is on chromosome 16.
Proto-oncogene FRAT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRAT1 gene.
Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PBX3 gene.
Protein Wnt-10b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10B gene.
Zinc finger protein 384 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF384 gene.
Ankyrin repeat and sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKS1B gene.
Protein Wnt-5b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT5B gene.
Protein Wnt-8b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT8B gene.
Wnt-10a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10A gene.
Antineoplastic resistance, often used interchangeably with chemotherapy resistance, is the resistance of neoplastic (cancerous) cells, or the ability of cancer cells to survive and grow despite anti-cancer therapies. In some cases, cancers can evolve resistance to multiple drugs, called multiple drug resistance.
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