| White-eyed stipplethroat | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Epinecrophylla |
| Species: | E. leucophthalma |
| Binomial name | |
| Epinecrophylla leucophthalma (Pelzeln, 1868) | |
| Subspecies | |
See text | |
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The white-eyed stipplethroat, previously called white-eyed antwren [2] (Epinecrophylla leucophthalma), is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. [3]
The white-eyed stipplethroat was described by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1868 and given the binomial name Formicivora leucophthalma. [4] It was later placed in genus Myrmotherula and still later, based on genetic and vocal studies, it and seven other members of the genus were moved to genus Epinecrophylla. All were eventually named "stipplethroats" to highlight a common feature and to set them apart from Myrmotherula antwrens. [5] [2]
The white-eyed stipplethroat has these four subspecies: [3]
Subspecies E. l. dissitaE. l. phaeonota and E. l. sordida were originally placed in genus Myrmotherula, and E. l. phaeonota was originally described as a subspecies of the rufous-backed stipplethroat (then Myrmotherula haematonota). [6] [7]
The white-eyed stipplethroat is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in) long and weighs 8 to 10.5 g (0.28 to 0.37 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies E. l. leucophthalma have a mostly gray-brown face and a black throat with white spots. They have a gray-brown crown and upperparts, and reddish tail and flight feathers. Their wing coverts are blackish brown with large cinnamon-tinged white tips. Their breast and upper belly are gray that becomes gray that gains an ochraceous tinge towards the vent area. Their iris is pale and is believed to darken with age. Adult females have a mostly light olive-brown face and a cinnamon throat. Their underparts are light olive-brown with a variable cinnamon tinge in the center of the breast and upper belly. Males of subspecies E. l. sordida have white tips on the wing coverts, and females have a stronger cinnamon tinge on their underparts than the nominate. Males of E. l. dissita have cinnamon tips on the wing coverts and females have a weaker cinnamon tinge on their underparts than the nominate. Both sexes of E. l. phaeonota have mostly reddish brown upperparts. [8] [9]
The subspecies of the white-eyed stipplethroat are found thus: [8]
The white-eyed stipplethroat mostly inhabits lowland terra firme and transitional evergreen forest. It favors areas with a dense understory with many dead leaves, both attached and caught in vine tangles and palm thickets. In Bolivia it occurs almost exclusively in bamboo stands, in eastern Peru it is found in them as well as in forest, and in Mato Grosso Brazil is almost never found in bamboo. [8] [9]
The white-eyed stipplethroat is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range. [8]
The white-eyed stipplethroat feeds on arthropods, especially cockroaches (Blattidae), crickets (Gryllidae), katydids (Tettigoniidae), and beetles (Coleoptera). It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in small family groups, and usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It mostly forages in the forest understory up to about 6 m (20 ft) above the ground but occasionally as high as 15 m (50 ft) or beyond. It takes its prey almost entirely by gleaning from dead leaves on trees and caught in vine tangles and on palms. [8] [9]
Male white-eyed stipplethroats display to each other from perches less than 1 m (3 ft) apart; they lower their head, puff up their back plumage, sway back and forth, and continuously vocalize. [8]
White-eyed stipplethroats were observed nest building in Peru in mid-October. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology. [8]
The white-eyed stipplethroat's song is a "very high, very thin, slightly descending 'tsitsitsituw' ". [9] Its calls "include abrupt downslurred notes, sometimes in doublets and triplets, or given in regularly paced series; also a rubbery rattle". [8]
The IUCN has assessed the white-eyed stipplethroat as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] It is considered fairly common throughout its range. It occurs in several large protected areas, and "its range contains vast contiguous areas of intact habitat which, despite being currently unprotected, remain at low risk of near-term development". [8]
The dot-winged antwren or velvety antwren is a passerine bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Mexico, every Central American country except El Salvador, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname.
The checker-throated stipplethroat, previously called fulvous-bellied antwren or checker-throated antwren, is a small passerine bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found from Honduras to Ecuador.
The rusty-backed antwren is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname.
The serra antwren is a species of small insectivorous bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is endemic to the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this bird's conservation status as being of "least concern."
Myrmotherula is a genus of insectivorous passerine birds in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae. These are all small antbirds, measuring 9–11.5 cm (3.5–4.5 in).
The pygmy antwren is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae, the antbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.
The rufous-tailed stipplethroat, formerly called the rufous-tailed antwren, is a species of insectivorous bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The brown-bellied stipplethroat, previously called brown-bellied antwren is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The rufous-backed stipplethroat is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. In its complex taxonomic history, Epinecrophylla haematonota has also been called the rufous-backed antwren, stipple-throated antwren, Napo stipple-throated antwren, and western stipple-throated antwren.
The Amazonian streaked antwren is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in South America where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.
The ornate stipplethroat, formerly called the ornate antwren, is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The foothill stipplethroat, previously called the foothill antwren, is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The stipplethroats are a South and Central American genus of passerine birds in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. They were previously included in the genus Myrmotherula as the "stipple-throated group".
The rufous-rumped antwren is a species of bird in subfamily Euchrepomidinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The chestnut-shouldered antwren is a species of bird in subfamily Euchrepomidinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
The orange-headed tanager is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. Native to South America, it is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela, where it inhabits successional vegetation, cerrado, riparian forest, shrub, brush, and open woodland. Males of the species have sandy-gray upperparts, cinnamon to buff underparts, white on the center of the lower breast, belly, and tail, and rufous-orange and yellow heads. Females are similar but duller.
The silvery-flanked antwren is an insectivorous bird in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. It is found in the coastal region of central Brazil.
The Rio Madeira stipplethroat is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. In the past it has also been called eastern stipple-throated antwren, Madeira stipple-throated antwren, Rio Madeira antwren, and Madeira antwren.
