Stipplethroat

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Stipplethroat
Epinecrophylla ornata.jpg
Ornate stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla ornata)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Epinecrophylla
Isler, ML & Brumfield, 2006
Type species
Formicivora haematonota [1]
Sclater, 1857

The stipplethroats are a South and Central American genus of passerine birds in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. They were previously included in the genus Myrmotherula as the "stipple-throated group".

Contents

Characteristics

Molecular studies show that the genus Myrmotherula as then defined was polyphyletic. The stipple-throated members form a clade that is not a sister clade to any of the remaining members, and the genus Epinecrophylla has been erected to accommodate them. The stipple-throated species have a black and white (or buffy-white) stippled throat in one or both of the sexes. They also have a relatively long, plain-coloured tail. The fact that this clade is distinct from the remaining members of the Myrmotherula is reinforced by differences in song, foraging behaviour and nest-building. [2]

Ecology

Members of the genus Epinecrophylla tend to specialise in extracting insects and spiders from dangling clusters of dead leaves, foraging in this way for more than 75% of the time. While foraging they have stereotyped methods of manipulating the leaves with their beaks and feet; by contrast, members of Myrmotherula tend to hunt for prey on the surfaces of leaves, stems, twigs, mosses and vines, and none of those birds specialise in and manipulate dead leaves, although they do sometimes probe them with their beaks. [2] Another characteristic of Epinecrophylla seems to be the dome-shaped nest with side or oblique entrance; three of the species have this characteristic, while the nesting behaviours of the other members of the genus are not known. [2]

Species

The genus contains eight species: [3]

ImageCommon NameScientific NameDistribution
Epinecrophylla fulviventris.jpg Checker-throated stipplethroat Epinecrophylla fulviventrisCentral America and Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena
Epinecrophylla gutturalis - Brown-bellied Antwren (male), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg Brown-bellied stipplethroat Epinecrophylla gutturalise Guiana Shield
Epinecrophylla leucophthalma - White-eyed antwren (female).jpg White-eyed stipplethroat Epinecrophylla leucophthalmasouthern Amazonia
Epinecrophylla haematonota Rufous-backed Stipplethroat (male); Atalaia do Norte, Amazonas, Brazil (cropped).jpg Rufous-backed stipplethroat Epinecrophylla haematonotawestern Amazonia
Epinecrophyla amazonica - Rio Madeira Stipplethroat (male), Careiro, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg Rio Madeira stipplethroat Epinecrophylla amazonicasouth of the Madeira River
Epinecrophylla spodionota Foothill Antwren; Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.jpg Foothill stipplethroat Epinecrophylla spodionotanorthern Andes
Epinecrophylla ornata.jpg Ornate stipplethroat Epinecrophylla ornatawestern Amazonia
Epinecrophyla erythrura Rufous-tailed Antwren (male); Atalaia do Norte, Amazonas, Brazil (cropped).jpg Rufous-tailed stipplethroat Epinecrophylla erythrurawestern Amazonia

References

  1. "Thamnophilidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  2. 1 2 3 Isler, M.L.; Lacerda, D.R.; Isler, P.R.; Hackett, S.J.; Rosenberg, K.V.; Brumfield, R.T. (2006). "Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 119 (4): 522–527. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[522:EANGOA]2.0.CO;2.
  3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Antbirds". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 January 2018.