Wood-free paper

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Wood-free paper is paper created exclusively from chemical pulp rather than mechanical pulp. [1] Chemical pulp is normally made from pulpwood, but is not considered wood as most of the lignin is removed and separated from the cellulose fibers during processing, whereas mechanical pulp retains most of its wood components and can therefore still be described as wood. [2] [3] [4] Wood-free paper is not as susceptible to yellowing as paper containing mechanical pulp. Wood-free paper offers several environmental and economic benefits, including reduced deforestation, decreased energy consumption, and improved waste management. [5] [6] The term Wood-free paper can be rather misleading or confusing for someone unfamiliar with the papermaking process because paper is normally made from wood pulp derived from trees and shrubs.

Contents

However, wood free paper does not mean that the paper in question is not made from wood pulp but it means that the lignin in the wood fiber has been removed by a chemical process. Paradoxically, lignin is the complex polymers containing aromatic groups that provide much of the tree strength. In its natural form, it gives rigidity and resilience to the tree, but its presence causes paper to weaken and turn yellow as it ages and eventually disintegrate. The reason for this is that as the paper ages, lignin releases acid which degrades the paper. [7] Wood is technically a lignocellulosic material and a xylem tissue that comes from shrubs and cambium, the inner bark of trees made up of extractives, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. [8] Pulp consists of wood and other lignocellulosic materials that have been broken down chemically and physically and filtered and mixed in water to reform into a web. [8] [9] Creating pulp by breaking down the materials chemically is called chemical pulping, while creating pulp by breaking them down mechanically is called mechanical pulping.

In chemical pulping, chemicals separate the wood fibers. The chemicals lower the lignin content because chemical action solubilizes and degrades components of wood fibers, especially hemicelluloses and lignin. Chemical pulping yields single unbroken fibers that produce strong quality papers because the lignin that interferes with hydrogen bonding of wood fibers has been removed. Chemical pulps are used to create wood free paper that is of high quality and lasts long, such as is used in arts and archiving. [8] Chemical pulping processes take place at high pressures and temperatures under aqueous alkaline, neutral or acidic conditions, with the goal of totally removing the lignin and preserving the carbohydrates. Normally, about 90% of the lignin is removed. [9]

Mechanical pulping, in contrast, converts raw wood into pulp without separating the lignin from the wood fiber. [9] No chemicals other than water or steam are used. The yield is about 90% to 98%. High yields result from the fact that lignin is retained. Mechanical pulps are characterized by low cost, high stiffness, high bulk, and high yield.  Mechanical pulp has low strength because the lignin interferes with hydrogen bonding between wood fibers. The lignin also makes the pulp turn yellow when exposed to light and air. Mechanical pulps are used in the production of non-permanent papers such as newsprint and catalog papers. Mechanical pulps made up 20% to 25% of the world production and this is increasing because of the high yield of the process and increasing competition for fiber resources. Advances in technology have also made mechanical pulp increasingly desirable. [8]

Composition

Wood-free paper is made from a variety of raw materials, including

Wood-free paper has a number of advantages over paper that contains mechanical pulp:

Wood-free paper is used in a variety of applications:

Cotton paper texture On the use of the improved papier-mache in furniture, in the interior decoration of buildings, and in works of art (IA gri 33125007981935).pdf
Cotton paper texture
Hemp paper Hemp paper in Japan.jpg
Hemp paper
Bamboo paper Shen Ban Xue Jia Bi Zhu Bo Tu Ao -Bamboo and Waves MET DP271392.jpg
Bamboo paper

Advantages and benefits of wood-free paper

  1. Conservation of Forests: One of the key advantages of wood-free paper is its ability to reduce the demand for wood pulp derived from trees. This conservation of forests persevering valuable ecosystems and biodiversity. Wood-free paper production significantly contributes to the conservation of forests by reducing deforestation and protecting natural habitats. [27] [28]
  2. Harder to Warp: Another key advantage of wood-free paper is its lesser likelihood to warp or curl. [29]
  3. Decreased Deforestation: The use of alternative fibers in timber-loose paper reduces the stress on forests, minimizing the need for big-scale deforestation. This helps protect touchy and ecologically valuable regions. [30] [31] [32]
  4. Decreased Carbon Footprint: wooden-loose paper generally has a decreased environmental effect as compared to standard wood-based total paper. The manufacturing system emits fewer greenhouse gases, consumes less strength,[ clarification needed ] and requires less water. [33] [34] Additionally, it frequently includes fewer chemical treatments.
  5. Usage of Agricultural Residues: Wooden-free paper can be made from agricultural residues like wheat straw, rice straw, and bagasse. Making use of those by-products of agriculture reduces waste and presents an extra source of revenue for farmers. [35]
  6. Advertising of Sustainable Farming Practices: The cultivation of opportunity fiber crops for paper manufacturing encourages sustainable agricultural practices. although vegetation frequently requires fewer insecticides and fertilizers as compared to traditional crops, lowering environmental impacts.
  7. Waste discount and recycling: wooden-unfastened paper is often crafted from recycled materials. This supports recycling projects and reduces the demand for brand new raw materials. moreover, it emitted from landfills.
  8. Diversification of supply Chains: depending completely on timber pulp can result in overexploitation of unique tree species and wooded area ecosystems. Incorporating alternative fibers diversifies the assets of uncooked materials for the paper industry, decreasing strain on precise varieties of timber.
  9. Energy efficiency: wood-free paper manufacturing often requires much less electricity compared to conventional timber-based totally paper manufacturing.
  10. More advantageous Soil health: utilizing agricultural residues for paper manufacturing can enhance soil fitness by returning organic count to the soil. This may lead to better fertility and a normal soil structure.
  11. Help for Rural communities: The manufacturing of timber-free paper using agricultural residues can create economic possibilities for rural communities. This will lead to improved livelihoods and sustainable improvement in areas where these resources are plentiful.
  12. Monetary Viability and market demand: The demand for environmentally sustainable products, including wood-free paper, is on the rise. This presents economic opportunities for businesses that choose to invest in and produce eco-friendly paper products.
  13. Alignment with Sustainability desires: the use of wood-loose paper aligns with global sustainability dreams, together with the ones outlined within the United Nations Sustainable Improvement Goals (SDGs). It contributes to desires related to accountable consumption and production (SDG 12) and existence on land (SDG 15).

See also

References

  1. ↑ He, Zhibin; Hui, Lanfeng; Liu, Zhong; Ni, Yonghao; Zhou, Yajun (2010-04-01). "Impact of High-Yield Pulp Substitution on the Brightness Stability of Uncoated Wood-Free Paper". TAPPI Journal. 9 (3): 15–20. doi: 10.32964/tj9.3.15 . ISSN   0734-1415.
  2. ↑ Bajpai, Pratima (2015), "The Control of Microbiological Problems∗∗Some excerpts taken from Bajpai P (2012). Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing with kind permission from Springer Science1Business Media.", Pulp and Paper Industry, Elsevier, pp. 103–195, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803409-5.00008-2 , ISBN   9780128034095, PMC   7158184 , S2CID   89782614
  3. ↑ "Print lingo explained: Woodfree paper". Warners Midlands Plc. 2016-05-10. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  4. ↑ Papers, Peters (2020-03-12). "Know your paper terms: Wood-free paper". Peters Papers. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  5. ↑ Dewan, Ashraf (2013). "Floods in a Megacity" . Springer Geography. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5875-9. ISBN   978-94-007-5874-2. ISSN   2194-315X. S2CID   127800463.
  6. ↑ Bajpai, Pratima (2018), "Brief Description of the Pulp and Papermaking Process" , Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 9–26, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7853-8_2, ISBN   978-981-10-7852-1 , retrieved 2023-06-06
  7. ↑ "The Coniferous - Leading Paper Trading Company". theconiferous.com. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Biermann, C. J. (1996). Handbook of pulping and papermaking. Elsevier.
  9. 1 2 3 J.C. Roberts, The Chemistry of Paper, 1st edn., Cambridge, 1996
  10. 1 2 3 4 Manninen, Marjo; Kajanto, Isko; Happonen, Juha; Paltakari, Jouni (2011-08-01). "The effect of microfibrillated cellulose addition on drying shrinkage and dimensional stability of wood-free paper" . Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. 26 (3): 297–305. doi:10.3183/npprj-2011-26-03-p297-305. ISSN   2000-0669. S2CID   137540823.
  11. ↑ Kemppainen, K.; Siika-aho, M.; Pattathil, S.; Giovando, S.; Kruus, K. (January 2014). "Spruce bark as an industrial source of condensed tannins and non-cellulosic sugars" . Industrial Crops and Products. 52: 158–168. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.009. ISSN   0926-6690.
  12. ↑ Kumar, Varun; Pathak, Puneet; Bhardwaj, Nishi Kant (February 2020). "Waste paper: An underutilized but promising source for nanocellulose mining" . Waste Management. 102: 281–303. Bibcode:2020WaMan.102..281K. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.041. ISSN   0956-053X. PMID   31704510. S2CID   207965485.
  13. ↑ Bajpai, P. (1999-04-05). "Application of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry" . Biotechnology Progress. 15 (2): 147–157. doi:10.1021/bp990013k. ISSN   8756-7938. PMID   10194388. S2CID   26080240.
  14. ↑ Wong, C.H.; Nicholas, J.; Holt, G.D. (2003-04-01). "Using multivariate techniques for developing contractor classification models" . Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 10 (2): 99–116. doi:10.1108/09699980310466587. ISSN   0969-9988.
  15. ↑ American Institute of Timber Construction (2012-07-16). Timber Construction Manual. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118279687. ISBN   978-0-470-54509-6.
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  17. 1 2 3 Bajpai, Pratima (2015), "The Control of Microbiological Problems∗∗Some excerpts taken from Bajpai P (2012). Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing with kind permission from Springer Science1Business Media.", Pulp and Paper Industry, Elsevier, pp. 103–195, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803409-5.00008-2 , ISBN   978-0-12-803409-5, PMC   7158184 , S2CID   89782614
  18. 1 2 "BASF sells Intertech & Pira to the Smithers group" . Focus on Pigments. 2010 (12): 6–7. December 2010. doi:10.1016/s0969-6210(10)70272-1. ISSN   0969-6210.
  19. ↑ Hakkila, Pentti (1989), "Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass", Springer Series in Wood Science, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 352–477, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74072-5_8, ISBN   978-3-642-74074-9 , retrieved 2023-10-12{{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ Coppola, Floriana; Fiorillo, Flavia; Modelli, Alberto; Montanari, Matteo; Vandini, Mariangela (April 2018). "Effects of γ-ray treatment on paper" . Polymer Degradation and Stability. 150: 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.004. ISSN   0141-3910.
  21. ↑ Wu, Zonghua; Tanaka, Hiroo (April 1998). "Permanence of wood-free paper I: Paper-making additives in naturally degraded wood-free papers". Journal of Wood Science. 44 (2): 111–115. Bibcode:1998JWSci..44..111W. doi: 10.1007/bf00526255 . ISSN   1435-0211. S2CID   95493027.
  22. ↑ BUKOVSKÝ, VLADIMÍR (1997). "Yellowing of Newspaper after Deacidification with Methyl Magnesium Carbonate" . Restaurator. 18 (1). doi:10.1515/rest.1997.18.1.25. ISSN   0034-5806. S2CID   96841775.
  23. 1 2 Tillmann, Otmar (2006-01-20). "Paper and Board Grades and Their Properties". Handbook of Paper and Board. pp. 446–466. doi:10.1002/3527608257.ch11. ISBN   9783527309979.
  24. ↑ Velebil, J.; Malaťák, J.; Bradna, J. (2016-12-31). "Mass yield of biochar from hydrothermal carbonization of sucrose". Research in Agricultural Engineering. 62 (4): 179–184. doi: 10.17221/73/2015-rae . ISSN   1212-9151.
  25. ↑ Hsieh, Yung-Cheng (1997). An investigation of the factors affecting dot gain on sheet-fed offset lithography presses (Thesis). Iowa State University. doi: 10.31274/rtd-180813-10494 .
  26. ↑ Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2015), "The water footprint of industry" , Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability, Elsevier, pp. 221–254, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-799968-5.00007-5, ISBN   9780127999685 , retrieved 2023-10-12
  27. ↑ "About Zed Books" , The New Maids, Zed Books, 2011, doi:10.5040/9781350223356.0009, ISBN   978-1-84813-288-7 , retrieved 2023-06-07
  28. ↑ Marchak, M. P. (1995). Logging the globe. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.
  29. ↑ "Woodfree Paper - Adazing". Adazing. [Woodfree paper] is also less likely to warp or curl.
  30. ↑ Abman, Ryan (April 2018). "Rule of Law and Avoided Deforestation from Protected Areas" . Ecological Economics. 146: 282–289. Bibcode:2018EcoEc.146..282A. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.004. ISSN   0921-8009.
  31. ↑ Paquette, Alain; Messier, Christian (February 2010). "The role of plantations in managing the world's forests in the Anthropocene" . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 8 (1): 27–34. Bibcode:2010FrEE....8...27P. doi:10.1890/080116. ISSN   1540-9295.
  32. ↑ Dobson, Andrew P.; Pimm, Stuart L.; Hannah, Lee; Kaufman, Les; Ahumada, Jorge A.; Ando, Amy W.; Bernstein, Aaron; Busch, Jonah; Daszak, Peter; Engelmann, Jens; Kinnaird, Margaret F.; Li, Binbin V.; Loch-Temzelides, Ted; Lovejoy, Thomas; Nowak, Katarzyna (2020-07-24). "Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention". Science. 369 (6502): 379–381. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..379D. doi: 10.1126/science.abc3189 . ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   32703868. S2CID   220714448.
  33. ↑ Clark, Michael; Tilman, David (2017-06-01). "Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (6): 064016. Bibcode:2017ERL....12f4016C. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5 . ISSN   1748-9326. S2CID   4825837.
  34. ↑ Yao, Zhisheng; Zheng, Xunhua; Liu, Chunyan; Lin, Shan; Zuo, Qiang; Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus (2017-01-05). "Improving rice production sustainability by reducing water demand and greenhouse gas emissions with biodegradable films". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 39855. Bibcode:2017NatSR...739855Y. doi:10.1038/srep39855. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5214061 . PMID   28054647.
  35. ↑ Donner, Mechthild; Gohier, Romane; de Vries, Hugo (May 2020). "A new circular business model typology for creating value from agro-waste". Science of the Total Environment. 716: 137065. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.71637065D. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137065 . ISSN   0048-9697. PMID   32044489. S2CID   211079869.
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