Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality

Last updated

The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) founded in 1973, is a Wyoming state agency to protect, conserve and enhance the environment of Wyoming "through a combination of monitoring, permitting, inspection, enforcement and restoration/remediation activities". It consists of 6 divisions and since 1992, the Environmental Quality Council (EQC), a separate operating agency of 7 governor-appointed members.

Contents

Pressing issues have included since 2002 effects of Wyoming's rapidly expanding mineral and energy industries, such as natural gas production, fracking, oil refining, coal mining and uranium mining, including coalbed methane water management.

History

The Wyoming Legislature founded the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in 1973 in passing the Environmental Quality Act. [1] [2]

In 2000, the Wyoming legislature enacted the "Voluntary Remediation of Contaminated Sites" law establishing a voluntary remediation program . [3] Two memoranda of agreement from March 14, 2002 define how the DEQ and EPA Region 8 interact regarding contaminated sites: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Memorandum of Agreement and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Memorandum of Agreement.

Responsibilities

DEQ enforces state and federal environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Superfund Amendments and Title III Reauthorization Act (SARA), Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the Wyoming Environmental Quality Act. [1] Enforcement covers more than 17.5 million acres of public lands and 40.7 million acres of federal mineral estate, administered by the Bureau of Land Management [4]

Organization

As of 2012, the DEQ's Director has been Todd Parfitt, appointed by Matt Mead, incumbent Republican Governor of Wyoming; from 2003 until 2012 the Director had been John Corra. In 1992, Wyoming reorganized all state agencies that deal with natural resources, and the legislature declared the EQC to be a separate operating agency. [5] There are also two Governor-appointed, Wyoming Senate-confirmed independent entities: the Environmental Quality Council (EQC) and the Industrial Siting Council.

Apart from its administration with an Office of Outreach and Environmental Assistance the DEQ has six divisions: abandoned mine land, air quality, industrial siting which includes wind turbines, land quality for permitting/licensing of surface and underground mines, solid waste and hazardous waste, and water quality. [1] The public can input through four advisory boards: a state land & investment board, an advisory board for air quality, one for water and waste, and one for land quality.

As of 2010, DEQ had 267 employees located in Sheridan, Lander, Casper, Rock Springs, Pinedale, and headquarters in Cheyenne, with a state budget cut at that time between 5 and 10 percent. [6] The Wyoming state budget appropriations for the biennium from July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2016 foresaw only 264 employees. [7] As of 2009, 74 employees conducted nearly 2,900 inspections. [6] The DEQ has requested more inspectors since 2003, and requests were defeated "with the obvious desire not to know what's going on" per former Democratic Wyoming House Representative Pete Jorgensen. [8]

Environmental Quality Council (EQC)

The EQC has 7 members, and per statutes not more than four members can be of the same political party. [2] :35-11-111 In 2014 the EQC had a Republican majority. [5] As of April 2016, the members have been: [9]

NameResidenceParty affiliationTerm expires
Rich Fairservis, Secretary Natrona County, Wyoming RepublicanMarch 2015, extended to March 2021
Meghan O'Toole Lally Savery in Carbon County DemocratMarch 2017
David Bagley, Chairman Albany County DemocratMarch 2016, extended to March 2020
Megan Degenfelder Campbell County, Wyoming RepublicanMarch 1, 2020
Tim Flitner Greybull in Big Horn County RepublicanMarch 2015 extended to March 1, 2019
Nick Agopian Laramie in Albany County (U)March 1, 2019
Aaron Clark Wheatland, Wyoming in Platte County IndependentMarch 1, 2017

As of 2014 Rich Fairservis has been the CEO of Granite Peak Development, Wyomings largest developer, which built a crude-to-rail facility in 2014. [10] [11]

As of 2013 Nick Agopian has been employed by Devon Energy as a government and regulatory specialist. [12]

As of 2012 David Bagley headed the Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department at the University of Wyoming. [13]

As of 2013 Meghan O'Toole Lally was a 5th generation sheep and cattle rancher. [14]

As of 2015 Megan Degenfelder has been a spokeswoman for the coal producer Cloud Peak Energy. [15]

As of 2016 Tim Flitner is a 5th generation cattle rancher at Diamond Tail ranch. [16]

As of 2016 Aaron Clark was an environmental consultant for oil and gas development and filed natural resource permits for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) [17] and as of 2015 was former Wyoming Game and Fish Commissioner. [18]

Former members

Thomas Coverdale, Republican from Daniel until March 2016 and former chairman F. David Searle, Republican from Sheridan until March 2015. When his membership was extended and he became Chairmanin 2016 Fairservis moved from Casper to Natrona count.

Industrial Siting Council

It inputs into the Industrial Siting Division. As of April 2016 it has the following members, which like EQC has 7 members, and per statutes not more than four members can be of the same political party: [19]

NameResidenceParty affiliationTerm expires
Peter Brandjord Green River in Sweetwater County DemocratMarch 2017
John Corra Cheyenne in Laramie county RepublicanMarch 2019
James Miller Sundance in Crook county RepublicanMarch 2019
Richard O'GaraCheyenne in Laramie countyDemocratMarch 2017
Shawn Warner, Chair Jackson in Park County RepublicanMarch 2021
Ken Lantta Casper in Natrona county RepublicanMarch 2021
Sandy Shuptrine Teton County DemocratMarch 2021

Corra has been an executive in the mineral and chemical industries, as of 2015 consulting for FMC Corporation per the Wyoming University. [20]

Miller has been Special Assistant, Vice President of Academic Affairs at Laramie County Community College. [21]

O'Gara retired from teaching economics at Laramie college and owns a business offering business siting and impact analyses (Wyoming Center for Business & Economic Analysis). [22]

As of 2015 Sandy Shuptrine chaired the Teton County Conservation District. [23] and was the lone dissenter in approving an ammonia production plant in Rock Springs by Simplot, because it was only 30% designed and contained only a single sentence about potential environmental releases. [24]

Peter Brandjord said in 2014 "that Simplot's proposal was one of the best applications he had seen". [24] As of 2000 he was Chairman of the Wyoming Retirement System Board. [25]

Kenneth Lantta owns KDL Consulting, and has worked for the oil and gas industry (Precision Drilling Company, L.P. Wyoming oil & gas industry safety alliance). [26]

Former members

As of 2002, former member Greg Bierei was employed with the Thunder Basin Coal Company, L.L.C., operating the Black Thunder Mine as engineering/environmental manager per an accident investigation. [27] A much earlier member of the Council under Governor Stan Hathaway was Jackson Hole architect Vince Lee who served for three terms in the late 70s.

Division of air quality

Wyoming is divided into four air quality regions. As of 2014 the most strictly regulated area is Sublette County, which contain the two natural gas fields of Jonah Field and Pinedale Anticline Project Area (PAPA). [28] In 2013, 80 percent of the oil drilling permits issued by the Wyoming Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission were in Sublette County and four other counties (Campbell County, Converse County, Johnson County and Laramie County). [28]

In the Upper Green River Basin with parts of Sublette, Lincoln County and Sweetwater County companies with multiple-well developments must place pollution controls from the beginning of operations, while single-well developments only need to install them if they emit more than four tons of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) annually. [28]

In the 'Concentrated Development Area', comprising all of Carbon County, Fremont County, Natrona County and Uinta County and parts of Lincoln County, Wyoming and Sweetwater County, multi-well developments need pollution controls from the beginning, but single-well facilities may emit up to eight tons of VOC's per year. [28]

In the so-called 'state region' of all remaining counties, there is a VOC limit of 10 tons annually for all types of well developments, lowered from 20 tons per year only in 2007. [28]

In December 2013, the DEQ issued the city of Medicine Bow a permit for construction of a coal gasification plant. In 2011, the Sierra Club challenged the permit, and lost before the Wyoming Supreme Court.

Non attainment

Between 2008 and 2011, Pinedale had such high ozone levels, that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declared it a nonattainment area. [28] [29] For attainment, "the area must have three years where the fourth-highest ozone level falls below the national standard". [29] The American Lung Association gave the area a failing grade for ozone levels. [30]

A Wyoming Department of Health's public health investigation from 2008 to 2011 found associations between short-term changes in ground-level ozone and acute respiratory problems among residents seeking healthcare within Sublette County. [31] The Northern Arapahos and Eastern Shoshone tribes sought "state status" in order to administer air quality monitoring. In 2013 the EPA ruled on the request and determined the land actually belongs to the Wind River Indian Reservation and has for more than a century, despite a 1905 law opening it to non-tribal members. [32]

Division of land quality

The DLQ has a permitting and licensing site for coal, and one for noncoal, including uranium. In 2013, a DEQ feasibility study estimated that it would cost Wyoming at least $4.5 million and 1o new staff to take over regulation of uranium and thorium mining. [33] The mining industry has pushed the state to take over, saying the Nuclear Regulatory Commission charges too much and moves too slowly. [33]

Mine reclamation

The Land Quality Division enforces the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977's obligation on mining companies to guaranty they can pay the costs of mine reclamation. Wyoming does not require large mining companies to post a surety bond. Instead, these companies can hold their own assets as "self-bonding". [34] The bankruptcy of large coal mining companies may imperil the $2.2 billion the DEQ has allowed in self-bonding. [35]

After Arch Coal declared bankruptcy, the DEQ agreed to accept $75 million in place of the company's $486 million in self-bonding liability. [36] After Alpha Natural Resources declared bankruptcy, the DEQ agreed to accept $61 million in place of the company's $411 million in self-bonding liability. [37] On March 28, 2016 the DEQ assured the federal Office of Surface Mining that Peabody Energy's self-bonding remained adequate. [38] Before Peabody Energy declared bankruptcy on April 13, it held $1.47 billion in self-bonding liabilities, including $900.5 million in Wyoming alone. [39]

Voluntary Remediation Program (VRP)

As of 3 January 2014 "more than 200" contaminated sites are part of the VRP. The program lists 18 abandoned and contaminated sites, also known as orphan sites, 17 of which affect the groundwater. As of April 3, 2014, there were 9 active orphan sites, 4 of them in Cheyenne, including the Cheyenne Perchloroethylene (PCE) Plume Orphan Site, the Casper PCE Plume Orphan Site, the Laramie PCE Plume Orphan Site, the Deluxe Cleaners and Tailors PCE and VOC Orphan Site and the former Lobell Refinery Orphan Site, as well as 9 inactive orphan sites. [3]

After a well blowout by Windsor Energy Corp near Clark, Wyoming in August 2006, which forced evacuations and took nearly 56 hours to plug with drilling mud, liquid gas condensate and natural gas were released through a cracked well casing 255 feet below ground. On January 12, 2007 the DEQ water quality division issued a notice of violation; the company settled in August 2007 by promising to participate in the 'Voluntary Remediation Program' and paid a $2,812.50 fine. [40] Monitoring wells showed groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas. In 2007, elevated levels of benzene in one private water well sped up the 2009 clean up schedule; Windsor had to deliver a clean up plan to the DEQ by May 1, 2008. [41] Not until 2010 did residents learn about the plan. [42] In May 2011, Windsor presented a final remedy draft to Clark residents in a public meeting, where residents criticized lack of monitoring private wells and "some expressed frustration with Wyoming state laws that they feel favor industry over personal property rights", and where "county and the state both work together, and they're all extremely pro industry". [43]

One year prior, Windsor Energy Group LLC had dumped at least 200 barrels of fluids from its Bennett Creek site near Clark, with the permission of the property owner and was fined about $5,000. [44]

Budget

The 2014 budget appropriated US$142,904,296 to DEQ. Half the budget, or $74,500,000, went to the Agency of Abandoned mine reclamation. The second largest post was for water quality at $23,276,958, followed by $17,155,165 for air quality. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wyoming</span> U.S. state

Wyoming is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho to the west, Utah to the southwest, and Colorado to the south. With a population of 576,851 in the 2020 United States census, Wyoming is the least populous state despite being the 10th largest by area, with the second-lowest population density after Alaska. The state capital and most populous city is Cheyenne, which had an estimated population of 63,957 in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ovintiv</span> American energy company

Ovintiv Inc. is a hydrocarbon exploration and production company organized in Delaware and headquartered in Denver, United States. It was founded and headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, under its previous name Encana. It was the largest energy company and largest natural gas producer in Canada, before moving to the United States in 2020. The company was rebranded as Ovintiv and relocated to Denver in 2019–20.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powder River Basin</span> Geologic structural basin in the western US

The Powder River Basin is a geologic structural basin in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming, about 120 miles (190 km) east to west and 200 miles (320 km) north to south, known for its extensive coal reserves. The former hunting grounds of the Oglala Lakota, the area is very sparsely populated and is known for its rolling grasslands and semiarid climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</span> United States law regulating coal mining

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States.

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process which converts coal into product gas. UCG is an in-situ gasification process, carried out in non-mined coal seams using injection of oxidants and steam. The product gas is brought to the surface through production wells drilled from the surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peabody Energy</span> American coal company

Peabody Energy is a coal mining and energy company headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Its primary business consists of the mining, sale, and distribution of coal, which is purchased for use in electricity generation and steelmaking. Peabody also markets, brokers, and trades coal through offices in China, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) is the agency in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania responsible for protecting and preserving the land, air, water, and public health through enforcement of the state's environmental laws. It was created by Act 18 of 1995, which split the Department of Environmental Resources into the Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Its current acting secretary is Ramez Ziadeh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shale gas</span> Natural gas trapped in shale formations

Shale gas is an unconventional natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Since the 1990s a combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has made large volumes of shale gas more economical to produce, and some analysts expect that shale gas will greatly expand worldwide energy supply.

Arch Resources, previously known as Arch Coal, is an American coal mining and processing company. The company mines, processes, and markets bituminous and sub-bituminous coal with low sulfur content in the United States. Arch Resources is the second-largest supplier of coal in the United States, behind Peabody Energy. As of 2011 the company supplied 15% of the domestic market. Demand comes mainly from generators of electricity.

Ambre Energy Limited is an Australian coal and oil shale company. It has offices in Brisbane and Salt Lake City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coal mining in the United States</span>

Coal mining is an industry in transition in the United States. Production in 2019 was down 40% from the peak production of 1,171.8 million short tons in 2008. Employment of 43,000 coal miners is down from a peak of 883,000 in 1923. Generation of electricity is the largest user of coal, being used to produce 50% of electric power in 2005 and 27% in 2018. The U.S. is a net exporter of coal. U.S. coal exports, for which Europe is the largest customer, peaked in 2012. In 2015, the U.S. exported 7.0 percent of mined coal.

The Wyoming Outdoor Council is the oldest independent, membership-based conservation organization in Wyoming, United States. Wyoming native Tom Bell founded the group in 1967, along with Carrol R. Noble, Margaret E. “Mardy” Murie, Dr. Harold McCracken, Ann Lindahl and others. The group was originally called the Wyoming Outdoor Coordinating Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eagle Butte Mine</span> Open pit coal mine near Gillette, Wyoming.

The Eagle Butte mine is a coal mine located 7 miles (11 km) north of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. The mine is an open pit, "truck and shovel", mine producing a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal from the Roland and Smith seams that is used for domestic energy generation. Coal produced by the mine is shipped to its customers via railroad. The mine is currently owned and operated by Blackjewel LLC after being acquired from Contura energy in 2017.

Alpha Natural Resources is a large American producer of metallurgical coal for the industrial production of steel and iron and low-sulfur thermal coal to fuel steam boilers for the production of electrical power. In November, 2018 the company was acquired by Contura Energy. The company also provides industry services relating to equipment repairs, road construction and logistics, with domestic operations and coal reserves within the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Wyoming, Utah, Illinois, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. Alpha Natural Resources does not produce all of the coal it sells; much of the coal sold by Alpha Natural Resources is purchased from independent mining operations and then resold in the worldwide market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental issues in Wyoming</span>

The U.S. state of Wyoming faces a broad array of environmental issues stemming from natural resource extraction, species extirpation, non-native species introduction, and pollution. Wildlife species that have been affected by these issues include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Montana</span> Climate change in the US state of Montana

Climate change has had a number of impacts on the US state of Montana. Heat waves are becoming more common, snow is melting earlier in the spring, and trees are dying as a result of drought, forest fire, and increased prevalence of forest insects. In the next few decades in Montana, climate change is most likely to impact water availability, agricultural yields, and wildfire risk. State and local governments have taken legislative steps, such as establishing a renewable energy portfolio and creating climate action plans, to mitigate the effects of climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coal mining in Wyoming</span>

Coal mining in Wyoming has long been a significant part of the state's economy. Wyoming has been the largest producer of coal in the United States since 1986, and in 2018, coal mines employed approximately 1% of the state’s population. In 2013, there were 17 active coal mines in Wyoming, which produced 388 million short tons, 39 percent of all the coal mined in the US, and more than three times the production of second-place West Virginia. Market forces, including the low price of natural gas from the fracking boom—coal's main competition—contributed to the steep drop in coal production in the 2000s as electricity generation switched from coal to gas.

The Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project is large-scale wind farm located near Rawlins, Wyoming, currently under construction. If completed as scheduled in 2026, it is expected to become the largest wind farm in the United States and one of the largest in the world. Located largely on federal lands, the project is being built in conjunction with the TransWest Express transmission line to supply power to the California market. Originally slated for completion in 2020, the goal was extended to 2026 in 2019 amid permitting, environmental, and construction delays.

Longview Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant located near Maidsville, West Virginia. The plant's single unit generates 700 megawatt (MW) of electricity from run-of-mine coal and natural gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hobet Coal Mine</span>

The Hobet 21 Coal Mine in West Virginia was operational between 1974 and 2015. Straddling the border of Boone County and Lincoln County in the Appalachian Mountains, the Hobet 21 mine was one of the largest mountaintop-removal coal mining operations in West Virginia. Originally owned by Fil Nutter, the mine used both underground mining and strip mining techniques, and later even more intensive surface mining using a dragline. Increasing productivity and profitability encouraged workers to successfully strike for their health plan in 1993, which resulted in unusually thorough coverage for mine workers at this time. The Hobet mine was incorporated into Arch Coal in 1997, along with several other mines, following booming coal demand. The mine was sold two more times: to Magnum Coal in 2005 and to Patriot Coal in 2008. Patriot Coal subsequently went bankrupt in 2015, and the Hobet site was passed into a Virginia-based conservation firm who continued to mine the land while reclaiming and planting trees to offset carbon emissions for other companies.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Overview". DEQ. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Title 35 - Public Health And Safety". Wyoming Statutes. Wyoming Legislative Service Office. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Voluntary Remediation Program". DEQ. State of Wyoming. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  4. "Bureau of Land Management". United States Department of the Interior. 2014-07-29. Retrieved 31 July 2014..
  5. 1 2 "Environmental Quality Council". State of Wyoming. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  6. 1 2 Bleizeffer, Dustin (February 21, 2010). "Rising DEQ caseload draws concern". Casper Star-Tribune. The Billings Gazette. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  7. 1 2 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Wyoming (March 2014). "Budget and Fiscal Information,ENROLLED ACT NO. 41" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  8. Bleizeffer, Dustin (September 26, 2011). "Former state legislator; 'All we lack is some leadership'f". Energy News. WyoFile. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  9. Advisory Boards DEQ, n.d., Accessed 18 April 2016
  10. Dale Bohren Rich Fairservis Casper Star Tribune, 26 April 2014
  11. Benjamin Storrow Granite Peak Development unveils new $60 million crude-to-rail facility Casper Star Tribune, 21 October 2014
  12. Kyle Roerink Energy company eyes $75k consulting fee for Wyoming school program Casper Star Tribune, 17 January 2013
  13. Bob Beck David Bagley. UW's Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department draws influx of students] Wyoming Public Media Nov 12, 2012
  14. Meghan O'Toole Lally Testimony Before the House Natural Resources Committee Oversight Field Hearing on “State and Local Efforts to Protect Species, Jobs, Property, and Multiple Use Amidst a New War on the West.” U.S. House of Representatives, 4 September 2013, 5 pages.
  15. Cloud Peak Spokeswoman Gives Coal Industry Report Coal News, 16 October 2015
  16. Diamond Tail ranches of Wyoming Cowboy Showcase, n.d., Accessed 18 April 2016
  17. Jennifer Womack Wyoming Livestock Roundup, n.d., Accessed 18 April 2016
  18. Leslie Stratmoen Governor Announces Fish, Wildlife Task Force Members 13 April 2015, Sheridan Media
  19. "The Industrial Siting Council". Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  20. "Advisory Board, Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources". University of Wyoming. n.d. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  21. "Directory, James Miller". Laramie County Community College. n.d. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  22. Wyoming Center for Business & Economic Analysis (n.d.). "Personnel". Wyoming Network, Inc. Retrieved 21 February 2015.{{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  23. Melodie Edwards Turbulent Waters At The DEQ Water Quality Public Meeting In Casper Wyoming Public Media, 17 September 2015, retrieved 18 April 2016
  24. 1 2 Angus M. Thuermer Jr. Board splits in approving $350M Simplot ammonia plant Wyoming File, 10 June 2014, retrieved 18 April 2016
  25. MINUTES Management Audit Committee 16 October 2000, Wyoming Legislature, retrieved 18 April 2016
  26. Kenneth Lantta KDL Consulting , retrieved 18 April 2016
  27. "US Department of Labor Report of Investigation Fatal Fall of Highwall Accident". Wright, Campbell County, Wyoming: US Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration. February 20, 2002. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Storrow, Benjamin (May 26, 2014). "Behind the times- Wyoming air quality regulations lag in areas with new oil development". Star Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  29. 1 2 Kelsey Dayton (4 May 2012). "EPA: Upper Green River Basin exceeded federal multi-year air standard". Casper Star Tribune. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  30. "State of The Air, Wyoming, Sublette County". American Lung Association. 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  31. Kerry Pride, J. Peel, B. Robinson, A. Busacker, J. Grandpre, F. Yip, T. Murphy (December 2014). "Associations of Short-Term Exposure to Ozone and Respiratory Outpatient Clinic Visits— Sublette County, Wyoming, 2008–2011". Environ Res. 4 (137C): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.033. PMID   25483412.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. Judson Berger (February 12, 2014). "U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEARING CHARTER". Fox News.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014. Wyoming officials prepare for court fight after EPA ruling hands land to tribes
  33. 1 2 Stephanie Joyce (2 December 2013). "State takeover of uranium mining regulation would cost at least $4.5 million". Wyoming Public Media. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  34. Jahshan, Amanda (26 February 2016). "Bankruptcies in Coal Country put Self-Bonding in Spotlight". The Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  35. Brown, Dylan (1 March 2016). "Coal: Mine cleanup concerns spike as industry sputters". Greenwire. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  36. Sanzillo, Tom; Schlissel, David (14 April 2016). "After Bankruptcies, Coal's Legacy Lives On". The New York Times. p. A23. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  37. Shogren, Elizabeth (25 January 2016). "Coal company bankruptcies jeopardize reclamation". High Country News. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  38. Joyce, Stephanie (30 March 2016). "Wyoming Defends Handling Of Peabody Mine Clean-Up Obligations". Wyoming Public Media. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  39. Loh, Tim (17 February 2016). "The $1.47 Billion Problem Threatening Peabody's Finances". Bloomberg. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  40. "MEMORANDUM To: Windsor Energy, Clark". DEQ. August 22, 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  41. "Timeline for cleanup from Clark gas well blowout accelerated". Casper Tribune. The Associated Press. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  42. Richard Reeder (June 23, 2010). "Plans revealed for Clark gas well cleanup". Cody Enterprise.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  43. Martin Kidston (May 26, 2011). "WELL BLOWOUT Clark residents vent frustrations with DEQ, Windsor Energy". Billings Gazette. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  44. "State, energy company reach settlement over alleged dumping". Billings Gazette. Associated Press. 19 January 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

Federal agencies:

State agencies: