XM25 CDTE

Last updated

XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement System
Type Bullpup grenade launcher
Place of originUnited States and Germany
Service history
In service2010–2013 (field evaluations)
Used by United States Army
Wars War in Afghanistan
Production history
Designer Heckler & Koch
Orbital ATK
Manufacturer Heckler & Koch
Unit cost US$30,000–35,000 [1] [2]
Specifications
Mass6.35 kg (14.0 lb) empty
Length749 mm (29.5 in) [3]
Cartridge 25×40mm grenade
Caliber 25 mm
Muzzle velocity 690 ft/s (210 m/s)
Effective firing range550 yd (500 m) for point targets
765 yd (700 m) for area targets
Maximum firing range1,100 yd (1,000 m)
Feed system5-round detachable box magazine [4]

The XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE) System, [5] also known as the Punisher and Individual Semiautomatic Air Burst System was an airburst grenade launcher with programmable ammunition derived from the XM29 OICW. It was fielded to soldiers serving in the War in Afghanistan in 2010, [6] after which malfunctions and 2013 program budget cuts [7] delayed official entry into service, planned for early 2017. [8] In early 2017, the contract with Orbital ATK was cancelled, calling the future of the entire program into question. [9] The program was officially terminated on 24 July 2018. [10]

Contents

Design

The XM25 CDTE fires 25 mm grenades that are set to explode in mid-air at or near the target. A laser rangefinder in the weapon is used to determine the distance to the target. The user can manually adjust the detonating distance by up to 10 feet (3.0 m) shorter or longer; the XM25 automatically transmits the detonating distance to the grenade in the firing chamber. The grenade tracks the distance it has traveled by the number of spiral rotations after it is fired, [11] then detonates at the proper distance to produce an airburst effect. These features make the XM25 more effective than traditional grenade launchers at the task of hitting targets that are behind cover or dug into the ground.

The system was developed by Alliant Techsystems and Heckler & Koch, while the target acquisition/fire control was developed by L-3 IOS Brashear.

The M203 grenade launcher has an effective range for point targets of 150 m (160 yd), and a maximum range for area targets of 350 m (380 yd). The XM25 has an effective range for point targets of 600 m (660 yd), and a maximum range for area targets of 700 m (770 yd). Studies indicate that the XM25 with air burst rounds is 300 percent more effective at engaging the enemy than other squad-level grenade launchers. [12]

In 2014, the U.S. Army was working on a 40 mm autonomous airburst Small Arms Grenade Munitions (SAGM) round to give 40 mm grenade launchers airburst capabilities as a complementary system to the XM25. [13]

Drawbacks

A soldier aims an XM25 weapon system at Aberdeen Test Center Flickr - The U.S. Army - Testing the new XM-25 weapon system.jpg
A soldier aims an XM25 weapon system at Aberdeen Test Center

In March 2013, elements of the 75th Ranger Regiment refused to take the 14 lb (6.4 kg) weapon on a raid because they found it too heavy and cumbersome. They also felt its low basic ammunition load and magazine capacity of 25 mm grenades were not enough to justify the removal of an M4A1 carbine from the mission. [4]

Although the XM25 enables infantry units to engage enemies hiding behind cover, the weapon has been met with several points of criticism, specifically that it requires soldiers to exchange their rifle and use it as their primary weapon, making them unable to perform required tasks in many squad battle drills; there is also concern that the operator has a reduced capacity to engage targets at close range and that its basic load of 36 rounds can be depleted too quickly in direct-fire engagements. [14]

Furthermore, critics have said that the system is too heavy for an individual soldier to carry. [15] A US soldier equipped with an M4 carbine (the US Armed Forces primary infantry weapon), attachments and ammunition has to carry a 16 lb (7.3 kg) load. With the addition of a M320 grenade launcher and ammunition the total increases to 38 lb (17 kg). An XM25 with 36 rounds of ammunition is a 35 lb (16 kg) weapon load alone. If this was swapped in for the M320 grenade launcher, this means the infantryman needs to carry a larger load of 51 lb (23 kg). [15]

Specifications

History

The XM25 began as an offshoot of the Objective Individual Combat Weapon program that started in the late 1990s. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory was the technical lead for the Program Manager Soldier Weapons, who worked on the development of the XM25 25 mm individual air burst weapon system. The system was designed to enhance the capability of individual Soldiers to defeat targets in defilade. The XM25 had been utilized in Afghanistan with support from ARL personnel involved in training Soldiers, enabling and evaluating XM25 combat tactical integration, and collecting data for the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase of the contract. The XM25 design included hardware modifications to improve reliability, weight, and fire control lasers optimized to increase range performance against targets out to 2,000 meters away. Additional modifications addressed weapon ergonomics including butt-plate configuration, rear bolt buffer housing and recoil optimization. [17]

The XM29 was intended to be an individual combat weapon that combined a rifle and airburst grenade launcher. It weighed 18 lb (8.2 kg), far more than an individual rifle or grenade launcher. Its 20 mm airbursting grenades weighed half as much as 230 g (8.1 oz) 40mm grenades. These lighter grenades were less effective at suppressing the enemy or putting them out of action. In August 2003, the XM29 roles were separated into specific weapons, with the rifle pursued as the XM8, and the OICW Increment 2 standalone airburst component as the XM25. As a standalone launcher, it was intended to be a special applications and support weapon, able to fire larger 270 g (9.5 oz) 25 mm grenade rounds which would generate 50 percent more, and heavier, fragments within a 6 m (20 ft) radius compared to the experimental 20 mm grenades. In 2005, six weapons underwent limited field trials and combat testing. Two years later, they were sent overseas for testing in combat situations. The XM25 was planned to be sent into theater in 2008, but minor suggestions from users and tests revealed design elements that needed to be refined. [16]

Deployment to Afghanistan

A U.S. soldier wielding an XM-25 decorated in the Universal Camouflage Pattern XM25-2.jpg
A U.S. soldier wielding an XM-25 decorated in the Universal Camouflage Pattern

In the summer of 2010, the United States Army began field testing the XM25 in Afghanistan, with an initial per-unit cost of the early models ranging from US$30,000 to $35,000. [1] Five of the weapons were deployed with the 101st Airborne Division in Afghanistan in October 2010, [18] along with 1,000 hand-made airburst rounds. The soldiers reported that the weapon was extremely effective at killing or neutralizing enemy combatants firing on US troops from covered positions. US troops nicknamed the weapon, "The Punisher." [19] First contact was on 3 December 2010. As of February 2011, the weapon had been fired 55 times in nine engagements by two units in different locations. It had disrupted two insurgent attacks on observation posts, destroyed two PKM machine gun positions, and destroyed four ambush sites. In one engagement, an enemy machine gunner was wounded by, or so frightened of, the XM25 that he dropped his weapon and ran away. The units with the XM25s had no casualties during the nine engagements. The weapon was called "revolutionary" and "a game-changer." One platoon leader commented that engagements that would normally take 15 to 20 minutes were over in just a few minutes. They performed flawlessly with no maintenance problems. Soldiers were so pleased that they carried it as their primary weapon without carrying an M4 carbine as a secondary. There were no complaints about its weight, but improvements to the battery life and a range increase to 1,000 meters were sought. Each round was hand built at a cost of $1,000. [20]

The US Army ordered 36 more of the rifles in January 2012. [21] On 12 September 2012, Alliant Techsystems received a $16.8 million engineering and manufacturing development contract modification for the XM25. ATK was to support another Army XM25 forward operational assessment scheduled for 2013 with a 36-gun battalion set of new pre-production prototypes. [22]

Misfiring

On 2 February 2013, an XM25 exploded during a live-fire training event in Panjwai Afghanistan with Fierce Company 52nd Infantry, 1st Battalion 38th Infantry, 4th Brigade 2nd Infantry Division. The primer and propellant ignited as the result of a double feed, although safety mechanisms prevented the round's warhead from detonating. The gun was inoperable after the explosion and the soldier received superficial injuries. In response, the Army removed the XM25 from service in Afghanistan. ATK noted that there were nearly 5,900 rounds fired between failures. [23] The misfiring caused the Army to delay the decision to move the XM25 into full-rate production, pending changes to the design of the weapon and ammunition, operating procedures, and training techniques. Testing continued at Aberdeen Proving Ground, where developers incorporated 130 design improvements. Despite the incident, Pentagon budget proposals included $69 million for 1,400 XM25 systems. The Army planned on a total of 10,876 units, two per infantry squad and one per special forces team. [24]

Funding cut

In June 2013, the Senate Armed Services Committee eliminated all funding for the 1,400 XM25 systems the Army wanted to purchase from the 2014 budget. The malfunction in February raised concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the weapon. The "unreliable performance" of the weapon led to funding being cut, as well as the recommendation to review alternative airburst weapon systems. [25]

In August 2013, the Army announced that the XM25 may move to low-rate initial production (LRIP) by August 2014. The weapon was in the engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) phase and not yet ready for fielding. By August 2014, it was expected to reach Milestone C, starting LRIP for 1,100 weapons and needed ammunition. Low-rate production would lead to type-classification, resulting in removing the "X" from its designation. Improvements were being made concerning the fire control system, battery life, weight, and magazine size. The XM25 was expected to be combat-ready by the end of 2015, and be fielded with all brigade combat teams, as well as the Army Special Operations Command, special forces detachments, and ranger regiments. Automated production will reduce the price of the system to $35,000 for the weapon and fire control system, and $55 per round. [26]

As of October 2015, the weapon was in the second round of contractor validation testing, with a Pre-Production Qualification Test (PPQT) to be conducted in spring 2016, which could lead to a Milestone C decision by August 2016. Since its first deployment, the XM25 has been updated by replacing the boxy 2X Fire Control System (FCS) with a more compact, streamlined FCS that has greater 3X magnification and improved weapon weight, accuracy, and reliability. If requirements are fulfilled and budgets hold, the XM25 could be fielded in early 2017. [8] [27] [28] On 29 August 2016, the Defense Department Inspector General's Office released a report recommending the Army determine whether to proceed with or cancel the XM25 program after reviewing the results of 2016 Governmental testing, scheduled to be completed in fall 2016. [14] Army leaders maintain that the weapon provides revolutionary capabilities to the soldier, and that safety concerns have been addressed through engineering design changes and improvements over 30 additional months of testing. Although one XM25 was planned to be distributed in each deployed squad, fiscal constraints may alter that plan. [15]

Litigation

In 2017 Orbital ATK filed suit via the U.S. District court in the district of Minnesota against Heckler and Koch for damages of over US$27 million, claiming failure to deliver 20 XM25 prototype units. The filing also requested Transfer of Intellectual Property to allow Orbital ATK to contract another vendor for production of the system. The complaint stated that Heckler and Koch had wished legal clarification regarding potential violations of the Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868, which bans "any projectile of a weight below 400 grams" containing explosives. After consultation Heckler and Koch had stipulated that the US Government issue a special certification regarding use of the weapons system. The US Government did not issue such and negotiations broke down. [29] [30] In April 2017, the Army cancelled its contract with Orbital ATK after they failed to deliver 20 weapons as specified by the terms, putting the operational future of the XM25 in jeopardy. [9]

On 24 July 2018, the Army signed a memorandum officially terminating the program, after settling the lawsuit with Orbital ATK that gave the military intellectual property rights to the weapons and ammunition. [10]

Program status

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Grant, Greg. "Army Sending Precision Grenade Launcher to Afghanistan". Defense Tech. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  2. ↑ "Weapons: Being First Is Often The Worst". www.strategypage.com.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. 1 2 Army to Rename XM25 Airburst Weapon - Defensetech.org, 15 August 2013
  5. ↑ "XM25, Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE) System". May 2010. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  6. ↑ Piper, Raymond. "XM25 feedback demonstrates lethality." Army News Service, 7 October 2011.
  7. ↑ "Weapons: Being First Is Often The Worst".
  8. 1 2 Soldiers Can Set When Grenade Explodes With New Launcher Army Times, 12 October 2015
  9. 1 2 3 Army Kills Contract for Shoulder-Fired Airburst Weapon - Military.com, 6 May 2017
  10. 1 2 3 Army’s XM25 program officially goes kaput. Stars and Stripes. 10 August 2018.
  11. ↑ Kleiner, Kurt (6 June 2009). "Radio-controlled bullets leave no place to hide". New Scientist. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  12. ↑ XM25 To Become The M25 - Sofrep.com, 20 August 2013
  13. ↑ Tilford, Robert (8 September 2014). "New grenade round doubles the lethality of the current 40 mm grenade against defilade targets". groundreport.com. GroundReport. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 Investigators to Army: Consider Canceling Troubled Airburst Weapon - Military.com, 1 September 2016
  15. 1 2 3 Army Defends New Airburst Weapon Targeted by Pentagon Critics - Military.com, 9 September 2016
  16. 1 2 3 Smart Grenades That Work Most Of The Time - Strategypage.com, 19 March 2013
  17. ↑ "U.S. Army Research Laboratory Annual Review 2011" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2017.
  18. ↑ Military.com. "Military Daily News - Military.com".
  19. ↑ Lowe, Christian. "‘Punisher’ Gives Enemy No Place to Hide". Military.com , 3 February 2011, retrieved 7 February 2011.
  20. 1 2 Bacon, Lance M. "‘Punisher’ gets its first battlefield tests" Armytimes.com , 14 February 2011. Accessed: 18 February 2011.
  21. ↑ The Economist , "Magic Bullets", 14 January 2012.
  22. 1 2 ATK Awarded Manufacturing Development Contract for XM25 Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine - ATK press release, 12 September 2012
  23. 1 2 Army removes XM25 from service after incident Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine - Militarytimes.com, 5 March 2013
  24. ↑ Special Forces, Army Infantry to Get New XM25 'Punisher' Rifle - USnews.com, 22 April 2013
  25. 1 2 Reed, John (25 June 2013). "The Senate Wants to Kill the Army's "Punisher"". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  26. ↑ XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement system may lose 'X' by next August - Army.mil, 9 August 2013
  27. ↑ Turnbull, Grant (14 October 2015). "Refined XM25 go for launch". Shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  28. ↑ "Army's XM25 Gets More-Powerful, Streamlined Optic". Kitup.Military.com. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  29. ↑ "U.S. firm Orbital sues Heckler & Koch over XM25 weapon". Reuters. 2 February 2017.
  30. ↑ FOX. "Minnesota, German companies fighting over new weapon". Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  31. ↑ ATK Delivers First XM25 Prototypes to U.S. Army for Testing and Evaluation Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Soldiers test new weapons at Grafenwöhr - EUCOM Archived 19 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Miller, Joshua (28 November 2010). "U.S. Army Unveils 'Revolutionary' XM25 Rifle in Afghanistan". Fox News. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
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