Xenodon merremii

Xenodon merremii
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Subfamily:	Dipsadinae
Genus:	Xenodon
Species:	X. merremii
Binomial name
Xenodon merremii (Wagler, 1824)
Synonyms [2]
Ophis merremii Wagler, 1824 Xenodon merremi — Fitzinger, 1826 Xenodon irregularis Günther, 1863 Trigonocephalus flavescens Bacqué, 1906 Trigonocephalus alternatus binocularius Bacqué, 1906 Waglerophis merremii — Romano & Hoge, 1972 Xenodon merremi — Wallach et al., 2014 Xenodon merremii — Costa & Bérnils, 2015

Xenodon merremii, also known commonly as Wagler's snake, is a species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to South America and is widespread in the eastern half of the continent.

Geographic range

Xenodon merremii occurs in Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. ^[2]

Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of Xenodon merremii is open areas of savanna and shrubland, at elevations from sea level to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), but it is also common in disturbed habitats. ^[1]

Etymology

The specific name, merremii, is in honor of German herpetologist Blasius Merrem. ^[3]

Description

Adults of Xenodon merremii are usually 1 m (39 in) or less in total length (tail included). ^[4] Its color pattern is very variable. ^[2] Some "red phase" specimens are a uniform reddish tan. ^[4] Other specimens are pale brown dorsally, with broad dark-brown crossbands, which are edged with black, and are narrower or interrupted in the middle. ^[5] The latter color pattern resembles that of the venomous snake Bothrops alternatus . ^[4]

Diet

Xenodon merremii preys on insects, frogs, toads, lizards, and sometimes snakes. Like other rear-fanged toad-eaters of the genera Heterodon and Lystrophis , X. merremii uses its enlarged posterior maxillary teeth to puncture and deflate toads which have defensively puffed themselves up, thereby making them easier to swallow. ^[4]

Defensive behavior

When threatened, Xenodon merremii raises the anterior part of its body, inflating and spreading its neck, similar to a cobra. ^[4]

Reproduction

Xenodon merremii is oviparous. ^[2]

References

1. Cacciali, P.; Carreira, S.; Montero, R.; Scott, N.; Gonzales, L.; Nogueira, C. de C.; Dewynter, M. (2019). "Xenodon merremii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T15183534A15183545. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
2. Species Xenodon merremii at The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org.
3. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN   978-1-4214-0135-5. (Waglerophis merremi, p. 176).
4. Freiberg M (1982).
5. Boulenger GA (1894).

Further reading

• Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I–XX. (Xenodon merremii, pp. 150–151).
• Freiberg M (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN   0-87666-912-7. (Waglerophis merremii, pp. 113, 144 + photographs on pp. 21, 159, 162).
• Wagler J (1824). In: Spix J (1824). Serpentum Brasiliensum species novae ou histoire naturelle des espèces nouvelles de serpens, recueillies et observées pendant le voyage dans l'intérieur du Brésil dans les années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté le Roi de Baviére. Munich: F.S. Hübschmann. viii + 75 pp. + Plates I–XXVI. (Ophis merremii, new species, p. 47 + Plate XVII). (in Latin).
• Wallach V, Williams KL, Boundy J (2014). Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. xxviii + 1,209 pp. ISBN   978-1-4822-0847-4. (Xenodon merremii, p. 785).