Xiaowa Formation

Last updated
Xiaowa Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian
Type Geological formation
Underlies Laishike Formation
Overlies Zhuganpo Formation
Lithology
Primary limestone, marl
Location
Country China
Extent Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau

The Xiaowa Formation is a Carnian-age geological formation found in southern China. It is a sequence of limestone and marls from the Carnian stage of the Triassic. Its lower section was previously known as the Wayao Formation or Wayao Member of the Falang Formation (a nomenclature still used by some authors). In 2002, the Wayao Member was renamed and raised to the Xiaowa Formation to prevent confusion with an Eocene unit of the same name. [1] Crinoids and marine reptiles are abundant in the Xiaowa Formation, forming a lagerstätte known as the Guanling biota. Ammonoids and conodonts found in the formation constrain its age to the early Carnian. [2] [1] [3] [4] [5] Reptiles of the Guanling biota include ichthyosaurs, thalattosaurs, placodonts, and Odontochelys (an early relative of turtles). [4] Sedimentary events within this formation have been tied to the Carnian Pluvial Event. [6] [7]

Contents

Geology

The Xiaowa Formation has three members. The lower member is relatively thin but is also very fossiliferous. It begins with thick-bedded grey biomicrite (fine-grained fossiliferous limestone) interbedded with greenish shale. Bivalves and crinoid fragments are the most common fossils in the biomicrite layers, which sometimes grade upwards to dark grey laminated marls. The lower section of the lower member represents a relatively well-oxygenated pelagic environment. The lower member then transitions to a section of darker and more clastic layers indicative of anoxic conditions and reduced reef activity. Most of the articulated crinoids and vertebrate fossils of the Guanling biota hail from a dark grey micrite at the base of the lower member's upper section. This is followed by dark grey marls and black shale rich in bivalves, ammonoids, and slightly radioactive clay minerals. The lower member concludes with a sequence of dark grey laminated marls incorporating conodont fossils and silty quartz grains. [1] [4]

The middle member of the Xiaowa Formation is by far the thickest unit and includes thick-bedded grey limestone and marl layers interbedding with each other. Sediment deformation is characteristic of layers in this member, while fossils are represented mainly by occasional bivalves and ammonoids. The middle member represents a deep-water environment influenced by tectonic events which disturb sediment layers and create distant turbidites that periodically supply increased clastic material. The upper member is mostly dominated by laminated limestone. Though marl interbedding and fossils are practically absent, silty to sandy quartz grains are common and dominate the last few meters of the formation. This member represents a shallower ocean environment (likely raised by tectonic uplift) supplied with dust from terrestrial areas [1] [4]

Paleobiota

The Xiaowa Formation encompasses several biostratigraphic zones. The Protrachyceras costulatum ammonoid zone of the upper Zhuganpo Formation continues into the first few meters of the Xiaowa Formation's lower member. However, the rest of the lower member (including the Guanling biota) belongs to the Trachyceras multituberculatum ammonoid zone. This unit has also been called the Austrotrachyceras triadicum zone, and is likely equivalent to the T. aon or T. aonoides zone of the western Tethys (Europe). The middle member of the Xiaowa Formation belongs to the Sirenites cf. senticosus ammonoid zone. [2] [1] [3] [5]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Bivalves

Bivalves of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpeciesNotes
Angustella A. sp.A rare bakevelliid bivalve. [1]
Asoella A. sp.A rare asoelliid bivalve. [1]
Daonella
D. bifurcataAn abundant halobiid bivalve, namesake of the H. subcomata-D.bifurcata bivalve zone. [1]
D. bulogensisA halobiid bivalve. [8]
D. indicaA common halobiid bivalve. [1]
Halobia
H. brachyotisA common halobiid bivalve. [1]
H. kuiA common halobiid bivalve. [1]
H. planicostaA common halobiid bivalve. [1]
H. rugosoidesA common halobiid bivalve. [1]
H. subcomataAn abundant halobiid bivalve, namesake of the H. subcomata-D.bifurcata bivalve zone. [1]
Krumbeckiella K. sp.A rare pergamidiid bivalve. [1]
Plagiostoma P. sp.A rare limid bivalve. [1]

Brachiopods

Brachiopods of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpeciesNotes
Crania?sp.A possible craniid brachiopod. [1]
Similingula S. cf. lipoldiA rare brachiopod. [1]

Cephalopods

Cephalopods of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpeciesNotes
Arctosirenites A. canadensisA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs alongside T. multituberculatum. [2]
A. columbianusA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs alongside T. multituberculatum. [2]
Austrotrachyceras A. triadicumA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs alongside T. multituberculatum. [2] [5]
Buchites B cf. aldrovandiiA buchitid ammonoid which occurs in the S. cf. senticosus zone. [1] [4]
Clionites C. cf. zeilleriA clionitid ammonoid which occurs in the P. costulatum zone. [1] [4]
Enoploceras?E. sp.A rare tainoceratid nautiloid tentatively referred to Enoploceras. [2]
Guanlingoceras G. guanlingensisA trachyceratid ammonoid [9]
Hauerites H. cf. himalayanusA rare ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1] [4]
Paratrachyceras P. cf. hoffmaniA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1] [4]
Protrachyceras P. costulatumA trachyceratid ammonoid, namesake of the P. costulatum zone [2] [1] [4]
P. depratiA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the oldest part of the Lower Member. [1] [4]
P. douvilleiA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1] [4]
P. cf. douvilleiA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the P. costulatum zone. [1] [4]
P. ladinumA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1]
P. longiangenseA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1]
P. spAn unnamed species of trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the S. cf. senticosus zone. [2] [1] [4]
Simonyceras S. simonyiA ussuritid ammonoid. [3]
Sirenites S. cf. senticosusA trachyceratid ammonoid, namesake of the S. cf. senticosus zone. [1] [4]
Sibyllites S. cf. tenuispinosusA tropitid ammonoid which occurs in the S. cf. senticosus zone. [1]
S. sp.An unnamed species of tropitid ammonoid which occurs in the S. cf. senticosus zone. [1]
Trachyceras T. aonoidesA trachyceratid ammonoid, namesake of the T. aonoides zone. [3]
T. cf. aonA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1] [4]
T. multituberculatumAn abundant trachyceratid ammonoid, namesake of the T. multituberculatum zone. [2] [1] [4] [5]
T. sinensisA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the T. multituberculatum zone. [1]
T. uraniaeA trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs alongside T. multituberculatum. [2] [5]
T. sp. AAn unnamed species of trachyceratid ammonoid similar to Protrachyceras douvillei. [2]
T. sp. BAn unnamed species of trachyceratid ammonoid similar to Protrachyceras deprati. [2]
T. sp.An unnamed species of trachyceratid ammonoid which occurs in the S. cf. senticosus zone. [1] [4]

Conodonts

Conodonts of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpecies
Metapolygnathus / Paragondolella / Quadralellaauriformis [5]
carpathica [10]
foliata foliata [11] [5]
foliata inclinata [11] [5]
jiangyouensis [11]
maantangensis [11] [10]
navicula navicula [11]
nodosus [1] [4]
polygnathiformis [1] [4]
prelindae [12]
robusta [10]
tadpole [11] [5]
wayaoensis [13] [12] [14]
xinpuensis [13]

Echinoderms

Echinoderms of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpeciesNotes
Calclamnidae indet.Holothurian (sea cucumber) ossicles. [1]
Osteocrinus O. cf. spinosusA free-swimming roveacrinid crinoid. [1]
O. cf. virgatusA free-swimming roveacrinid crinoid. [1]
Traumatocrinus T. cf. lipoldiAn abundant traumatocrinid crinoid. Pseudoplanktonic, forming colonies on floating driftwood. [1]

Fish

Fish of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpeciesNotes
Annulicorona A. pyramidalis Elasmobranch denticles [1]
Asialepidotus A. sp.A halecomorph holostean [1]
Birgeria
B. guizhouensisA large predatory birgeriid [4]
B. sp.A large predatory birgeriid [4]
Colobodus C. sp.A colobodontid perleidiform [4]
Guizhoucoelacanthus G. largusA whiteiid coelacanth [4]
Guizhoueugnathus G. largusA eugnathid holostean [4]
Parvicorona P. dacrysulcaElasmobranch denticles [1]
Peltopleurus P. brachycephalusA peltopleurid holostean [1] [4]
Pholidopleurus P. xiaowaensisA pholidopleurid holostean [4]
Saurichthys S. taotieA saurichthyid saurichthyiform [15]

Reptiles

Reptiles of the Xiaowa Formation
TaxonSpeciesNotes
Anshunsaurus A. huangguoshuensisA large askeptosauroid thalattosaur [4]
"Callawayia""C." wolonggangensisA shastasaurid ichthyosaur. Originally referred to Callawayia , but likely unrelated. [16]
Concavispina C. biseridensA large thalattosauroid thalattosaur [17]
Cyamodus C. orientalisA cyamodontid placodont [18]

"Cymbospondylus"

"C." asiaticus

A junior synonym of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae, unrelated to Cymbospondylus [4]

Eorhynchochelys E. sinensisA large aquatic pantestudine (early turtle relative) [19]
Guanlingsaurus G. liangaeA giant shastasaurid ichthyosaur [4]
Guizhouichthyosaurus G. tangaeA common shastasaurid ichthyosaur [4]
Miodentosaurus M. brevisA large askeptosauroid thalattosaur [4]
Neosinasaurus N. hoangiA poorly-known marine reptile. Originally described as a pachypleurosaur, though may be a thalattosaur instead. [20]
Odontochelys O. semitestaceaAn aquatic pantestudine [21] [19]

Panjiangsaurus

P. epicharis

A junior synonym of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae [4]

Psephochelys P. polyosteodermaA placochelyid placodont [4]
Qianichthyosaurus Q. zhouiA common small toretocnemid ichthyosaur [4]
Sinocyamodus S. xinpuensisA cyamodontoid placodont [4]

Typicusichthyosaurus

T. tsaihuae

Likely a junior synonym of Guanlingsaurus lingae [4]

Wayaosaurus W. bellusA poorly-known marine reptile. Originally described as a pachypleurosaur, though may be a thalattosaur instead. [20]
W. geeiA poorly-known marine reptile. Originally described as a pachypleurosaur, though may be a thalattosaur instead. [20]
Xinpusaurus

X. bamaolinensis

A thalattosauroid thalattosaur, [4] possibly an invalid synonym of another Xinpusaurus species [22] [23]

X. kohiA thalattosauroid thalattosaur [23]
X. suniA thalattosauroid thalattosaur [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olenekian</span> Age in the Early Triassic epoch

In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch; in chronostratigraphy, it is a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.2 Ma and 247.2 Ma. The Olenekian is sometimes divided into the Smithian and the Spathian subages or substages. The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thalattosauria</span> Extinct group of marine reptiles

Thalattosauria is an extinct order of marine reptiles that lived in the Middle to Late Triassic. Thalattosaurs were diverse in size and shape, and are divided into two superfamilies: Askeptosauroidea and Thalattosauroidea. Askeptosauroids were endemic to the Tethys Ocean, their fossils have been found in Europe and China, and they were likely semiaquatic fish eaters with straight snouts and decent terrestrial abilities. Thalattosauroids were more specialized for aquatic life and most had unusual downturned snouts and crushing dentition. Thalattosauroids lived along the coasts of both Panthalassa and the Tethys Ocean, and were most diverse in China and western North America. The largest species of thalattosaurs grew to over 4 meters (13 feet) in length, including a long, flattened tail utilized in underwater propulsion. Although thalattosaurs bore a superficial resemblance to lizards, their exact relationships are unresolved. They are widely accepted as diapsids, but experts have variously placed them on the reptile family tree among Lepidosauromorpha, Archosauromorpha, ichthyosaurs, and/or other marine reptiles.

<i>Miodentosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Miodentosaurus is a genus of thalattosaurian from the Late Triassic of China. It is one of several thalattosaurs found in the Xiaowa Formation, also known as the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation. The genus name "Miodentosaurus" translates to "Few toothed-lizard" while the species name "brevis" means "short", in reference to its short snout.

<i>Colobodus</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Colobodus is an extinct genus of marine Triassic ray-finned fish of the family Colobodontidae and order Perleidiformes. Fossils have been found in Europe and China, encompassing the former Tethys Ocean. It could reach body lengths of about 70 cm.

<i>Guizhouichthyosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Guizhouichthyosaurus is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur which is known primarily from the Xiaowa Formation of the lower Carnian stage of the Late Triassic in southwest China. The type species of this genus is Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae, of which multiple skeletons are known. It has been reassigned as a species of the genus Shastasaurus in the past, though it has since been considered distinct. The ichthyosaurs Cymbospondylus asiaticus, named in 2002, and Panjiangsaurus epicharis, named in 2003, are junior synonyms of G. tangae. The genus is also known from the Ladinian-aged Middle Triassic Zhuganpo Formation; additionally, the species "Callawayia" wollongangense may belong to Guizhouichthyosaurus.

<i>Qianichthyosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Qianichthyosaurus is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur from the Ladinian and Carnian stages of the Late Triassic epoch. Its fossils have been found in southeastern China, in Carnian rocks of the Falang Formation near Huangtutang, Guizhou. The type species is Qianichthyosaurus zhoui, named by Chun Li in 1999. A second species, Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis, was named from older (Ladinian) deposits in the Falang Formation in 2013 by Pengfei Yang and colleagues. Complete Qianichthyosaurus fossils are common in the Xiaowa Formation, with both juveniles and pregnant specimens being known; its larger contemporaries, Guizhouichthyosaurus and Guanlingsaurus, are rarer.

The Guanling Formation is a Middle Triassic geologic formation in southwestern China.

<i>Sinosaurichthys</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Sinosaurichthys is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in south-western China during the Middle Triassic. Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Yangjuan of Panxian County, Guizhou Province, and Dawazi of Luoping, Yunnan Province, China.

<i>Sinosaurosphargis</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Sinosaurosphargis is an extinct genus of basal marine saurosphargid reptile known from the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation of Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces, southwestern China. It contains a single species, Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis.

<i>Anshunsaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Anshunsaurus is a genus of thalattosaurs within the family Askeptosauridae. Fossils have been found from Middle Triassic deposits in Guizhou, China. Three species are known: the type species A. huangguoshuensis, the slightly older species A. wushaensis, and the species A. huangnihensis.

<i>Wumengosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Wumengosaurus is an extinct aquatic reptile from the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation of Guizhou, southwestern China. It was originally described as a basal eosauropterygian and usually is recovered as such by phylogenetic analyses, although one phylogeny has placed it as the sister taxon to Ichthyosauromorpha while refraining from a formal re-positioning. It was a relatively small reptile, measuring 95.5–130.5 cm (3.13–4.28 ft) in total body length.

Guanlingsaurus is an extinct genus of shastasaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic of China. It grew up to 8.3 metres (27 ft) in length and has a wide, triangular skull with a short and toothless snout.

<i>Yunguisaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Yunguisaurus is an extinct genus of pistosaur known from the Guizhou Province of China.

<i>Sinocyamodus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Sinocyamodus is an extinct genus of placodont reptile from the Late Triassic (Tuvalian) Xiaowa Formation of China. Only one species, Sinocyamodus xinpuensis, is currently assigned to this genus. This genus was the first placodont to be discovered in the eastern Tethys, overthrowing traditional views that the group was restricted to the western Tethys.

<i>Concavispina</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Concavispina is an extinct genus of thalattosaur reptile from the early Late Triassic Xiaowa Formation of Guangling, Guizhou, southern China. It contains a single species, Concavispina biseridens. It is known only from the holotype ZMNH M8804, a nearly complete 364 cm long skeleton. Concavispina can be differentiated from other thalattosaurs by possessing two rows of blunt teeth on the anterior part of the maxilla and a V-shaped notch on the dorsal margin of each neural spine in the dorsal (back) vertebrae. Both its generic and specific names refer to these autapomorphies, as Concavispina means "concave spine" and biseridens means "two rows of teeth". It is thought to be most closely related to Xinpusaurus, as both taxa share three derived characters: a maxilla that is curved upward at its anterior end, a humerus that is wider near the shoulder than near the elbow, and the presence of less than five cervicals.

The Carnian pluvial episode (CPE), often called the Carnian pluvial event, was a period of major change in global climate that coincided with significant changes in Earth's biota both in the sea and on land. It occurred during the latter part of the Carnian Stage, a subdivision of the late Triassic period, and lasted for perhaps 1–2 million years.

<i>Xinpusaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Xinpusaurus is an extinct genus of thalattosaur from the Late Triassic of Guanling in Guizhou, China. Several species have been named since 2000: the type species X. suni along with the species X. bamaolinensis and X. kohi. A 2013 study proposed that all three species are synonymous with each other, in which case X. suni would be the only valid species, although a 2014 study argued that X. kohi was also valid. A fourth species, X. xingyiensis, was described in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saurosphargidae</span> Extinct family of reptiles

Saurosphargidae is an extinct family of marine reptiles known from the Early Triassic and early Middle Triassic of Europe and China.

The Zhuganpo Formation is a Triassic geologic unit found in southern China. It has historically been known as the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation. A diverse fossil assemblage known as the Xingyi biota or Xingyi Fauna can be found in the upper part of the Zhuganpo Formation. Fossils of the Xingyi biota include articulated skeletons of marine reptiles, abundant fish, and a plentiful assortment of invertebrates indicating a Ladinian to Carnian age for the sediments of the formation.

The Yangliujing Formation is a Middle Triassic geologic unit found in the Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces of southern China.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Xiaofeng, Wang; Bachmann, Gerhard H.; Hagdorn, Hans; Sander, P. Martin; Cuny, Gilles; Xiaohong, Chen; Chuanshang, Wang; Lide, Chen; Long, Cheng; Fansong, Meng; Guanghong, Xu (2008). "The Late Triassic Black Shales of the Guanling Area, Guizhou Province, South-West China: A Unique Marine Reptile and Pelagic Crinoid Fossil Lagerstätte". Palaeontology. 51 (1): 27–61. Bibcode:2008Palgy..51...27X. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00735.x . ISSN   1475-4983.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hao Weicheng, Sun Yuanlin, Jiang Dayong, Yang Shouren, Wang Xinping (2003). "Cephalopods of the "Falang Formation" (Triassic) from Guanling and Zhenfeng Counties, Guizhou Province, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 77 (4): 430–439. Bibcode:2003AcGlS..77..430H. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00124.x. ISSN   1755-6724. S2CID   129859010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Yan Li, Zuoyu Sun, Yuan-Lin Sun, Dayong Jiang, Weicheng Hao (May 2013). "Carnian (Late Triassic) ammonoid biostratigraphy in Luoping County, eastern Yunnan Province, China". Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis (in Chinese and English). 49 (3): 471–479.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Qiyue; Hu, Shixue; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Wen, Wen; Liu, Jun; Huang, Jinyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Xie, Tao; Tong, Jinnan; Choo, Brian (2013-10-01). "Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction". Earth-Science Reviews. 125: 199–243. Bibcode:2013ESRv..125..199B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014. ISSN   0012-8252.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sun, Zuoyu; Jiang, Dayong; Ji, Cheng; Hao, Weicheng (2016-03-15). "Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province, South China". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 118: 101–110. Bibcode:2016JAESc.118..101S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.004. ISSN   1367-9120.
  6. ↑ Sun, Y. D.; Wignall, P. B.; Joachimski, M. M.; Bond, D. P. G.; Grasby, S. E.; Lai, X. L.; Wang, L. N.; Zhang, Z. T.; Sun, S. (2016-06-15). "Climate warming, euxinia and carbon isotope perturbations during the Carnian (Triassic) Crisis in South China". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 444: 88–100. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.444...88S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.037. ISSN   0012-821X.
  7. ↑ Zhang, Yang; Li, Mingsong; Ogg, James G.; Montgomery, Paul; Huang, Chunju; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Shi, Zhiqiang; Enos, Paul; Lehrmann, Daniel J. (2015-10-15). "Cycle-calibrated magnetostratigraphy of middle Carnian from South China: Implications for Late Triassic time scale and termination of the Yangtze Platform". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 436: 135–166. Bibcode:2015PPP...436..135Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.05.033. ISSN   0031-0182.
  8. ↑ Yin, Hongfu; Peng, Yuanqiao (2000-01-01), Yin, Hongfu; Dickins, J. M.; Shi, G. R.; Tong, Jinnan (eds.), "The Triassic of China and its interregional correlation", Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Permian-Triassic Evolution of Tethys and Western Circum-Pacific, vol. 18, Elsevier, pp. 197–220, doi:10.1016/S0920-5446(00)80012-6, ISBN   9780444501547 , retrieved 2020-07-17
  9. ↑ Mao, Kainan; Yang, Wei; Huang, Yongling; Ma, Zhiheng (4 Aug 2024). "A new ammonite genus of the Xiaowa Formation from Guanling Counties, Guizhou Province, China". Historical Biology: 1–5. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2382230.
  10. 1 2 3 Zhang, Z. T.; Sun, Y. D.; Wignall, P. B.; Fu, J. L.; Li, H. X.; Wang, M. Y.; Lai, X. L. (2018-11-01). "Conodont size reduction and diversity losses during the Carnian Humid Episode in SW China". Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (6): 1027–1031. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175.1027Z. doi:10.1144/jgs2018-002. ISSN   0016-7649. S2CID   134077252.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sun Zuoyu, Hao Weicheng, Jiang Dayong (2003). "Conodont stratigraphic evidence for the age of the Guanling fauna, Guizhou Province, China". Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis (in Chinese and English). 39 (1): 118–125.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. 1 2 Zhang, Z. T.; Sun, Y. D.; Lai, X. L.; Joachimski, M. M.; Wignall, P. B. (2017-11-15). "Early Carnian conodont fauna at Yongyue, Zhenfeng area and its implication for Ladinian-Carnian subdivision in Guizhou, South China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Transition in South China: Oceanic Environments and Life from Late Permian to Late Triassic. 486: 142–157. Bibcode:2017PPP...486..142Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.011. ISSN   0031-0182.
  13. 1 2 Wang, H.M. (2000). "Discussion on the age of Guanling Fauna by conodonts". Guizhou Geology (in Chinese and English). 17: 219–225.
  14. ↑ Zhang, Zaitian; Sun, Yadong; Lai, Xulong; Wignall, Paul B. (2018). "Carnian (Late Triassic) conodont faunas from south-western China and their implications". Papers in Palaeontology. 4 (4): 513–535. Bibcode:2018PPal....4..513Z. doi:10.1002/spp2.1116. ISSN   2056-2802. S2CID   135356888.
  15. ↑ Fang, G.-Y.; Sun, Y.-L.; Ji, C.; Wu, F.-X. (2022). "First record of Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from the Late Triassic of eastern Paleo-Tethys". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 61 (1): 1–16. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.221013.
  16. ↑ Cheng Ji, Da-Yong Jiang, Ryosuke Motani, Olivier Rieppel, Wei-Cheng Hao, and Zuo-Yu Sun (2016). "Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia Incorporating Recent Discoveries from South China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (1): e1025956. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E5956J. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956. S2CID   85621052.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Liu, J.; Zhao, L. J.; Li, C.; He, T. (2013). "Osteology of Concavispina biseridens (Reptilia, Thalattosauria) from the Xiaowa Formation (Carnian), Guanling, Guizhou, China". Journal of Paleontology. 87 (2): 341. Bibcode:2013JPal...87..341L. doi:10.1666/12-059R1.1.
  18. ↑ Wang, Wei; Li, Chun; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Zhao, Lijun (2019-09-02). "A new species of Cyamodus (Placodontia, Sauropterygia) from the early Late Triassic of south-west China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (17): 1457–1476. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1457W. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1535455. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   91579582.
  19. 1 2 Li, Chun; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Rieppel, Olivier; Wu, Xiao-Chun (2018). "A Triassic stem turtle with an edentulous beak". Nature . 560 (7719): 476–479. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..476L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0419-1. PMID   30135526. S2CID   52067286.
  20. 1 2 3 Wu, Xiao-Chun; Cheng, Yen-Nien; Sato, Tamaki; Shan, Hsi-Yin (2009). "Miodentosaurus brevis Cheng et al. 2007 (Diapsida: Thalattosauria): Its postcranial skeleton and phylogenetic relationships". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 47 (1): 1–20.
  21. ↑ Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (27 November 2008). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature. 456 (7221): 497–501. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..497L. doi:10.1038/nature07533. PMID   19037315. S2CID   4405644.
  22. ↑ Liu, J. (2013). "On the taxonomy of Xinpusaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria)" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 51 (1): 17–23.
  23. 1 2 Maisch, Michael W. (2014). "On the morphology and taxonomic status of Xinpusaurus kohi JIANG et al., 2004 (Diapsida: Thalattosauria) from the Upper Triassic of China" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 7: 47–59.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.