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The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic.
The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, sometimes called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 201.3 million years ago, and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, a whole class (conodonts) and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs went extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had gone extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a paucity of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian period of the Triassic.
Saturnalia is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil and Pebbly Arkose Formation, Zimbabwe.
The Rhaetian is, in geochronology, the latest age of the Triassic period or in chronostratigraphy the uppermost stage of the Triassic system. According to the current ICS system, the Rhaetian ended 201.3 ± 0.2 million years ago. It is uncertain when it began, but a commonly cited approximation of 208.5 Ma originated in the 2012 ICS timescale. It was preceded by the Norian and succeeded by the Hettangian.
The Carnian is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series. It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations.
The Late Triassic is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic Period in the geologic timescale. The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The corresponding series is known as the Upper Triassic. In Europe the epoch was called the Keuper, after a German lithostratigraphic group that has a roughly corresponding age. The Late Triassic spans the time between 237 Ma and 201.3 Ma. It is preceded by the Middle Triassic epoch and is followed by the Early Jurassic epoch. The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.
The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 242 Ma and ~237 Ma. The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian.
Dinosauromorpha is a clade of archosaurs that includes the clade Dinosauria (dinosaurs), and all animals more closely related to dinosaurs than to pterosaurs. Birds are the only surviving dinosauromorphs.
Hindeodus is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Anchignathodontidae. The generic name Hindeodus is a tribute to George Jennings Hinde, a British geologist and paleontologist from the 1800s and early 1900s. The suffix -odus typically describe’s the animal’s teeth, essentially making Hindeodus mean Hinde-teeth.
Tecovasuchus is an extinct genus of aetosaur. It is known primarily from osteoderms found from the Tecovas Formation in Texas, which is Late Triassic in age, dating back to the upper Carnian. Material is also known from several other localities of the Chinle Group in New Mexico and Arizona. Specimens of Tecovasuchus have been collected from the Tecovas Formation, the Bluewater Creek Formation, and the Los Esteros Member of the Santa Rosa Formation.
The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). The Norian lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.
Protorosauria is an extinct, possibly polyphyletic, group of archosauromorph reptiles from the latest Permian to the early Late Triassic of Asia, Europe, North America. It was named by the English anatomist and paleontologist Thomas Henry Huxley in 1871 as an order. Other names which were once considered equivalent to Protorosauria include Prolacertiformes and Prolacertilia.
The Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) was a major change in global climate and biotic turnover that occurred during the Carnian, early Late Triassic, ≈230 million years ago. The base of the CPE is marked by a ≈4‰ negative shift in carbon stable isotopes of fossil molecules (n-alkanes) from higher plants and total organic carbon. A ≈1.5‰ negative shift in oxygen stable isotopes of conodont apatite suggests a global warming. Major changes in organisms responsible for calcium carbonate production occurred during the CPE. A halt of carbonate sedimentation is observed in deep water settings of Southern Italy that was probably caused by the rise of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). High extinction rates occurred among ammonoids, conodonts, bryozoa, and crinoids. Major evolutionary innovations followed the CPE, as the first occurrence of dinosaurs, lepidosaurs, an expansion of coniferous trees, calcareous nanofossils and scleractinian corals.
Clarkina is an extinct genus of conodonts. It is considered to be an offshore, outer shelf or basinal, deep-water taxon.
Carnepigondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts of the Late Triassic of Italy or Canada.
Kraussodontus is an extinct genus of gondolellid ozarkodinid conodonts of the Late Triassic in the Pardonet Formation of Canada.
Epigondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Gondolellidae.
Mazzaella is an extinct genus of ozarkodinid conodonts in the family Gondolellidae from the Late Triassic of Europe and Turkey.
Conodonts are an extinct class of animals whose feeding apparatuses called teeth or elements are common microfossils found in strata dating from the Stage 10 of the Furongian, the fourth and final series of the Cambrian, to the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic. These elements can be used alternatively to or in correlation with other types of fossils in the subfield of the stratigraphy named biostratigraphy.
Misikella is an extinct genus of conodonts. It is a genus with a tetramembrate conodont apparatus.
References
- ↑ The Permian conodonts in chert of the Adoyama Formation, Ashio mountains, central Japan. S Hayashi, Earth Science, 1968
- ↑ The case of the Carnian (Triassic) conodont genus Metapolygnathus Hayashi. Ali Murat Kiliç , Pablo Plasencia, Keisuke Ishida and Francis Hirsch, Journal of Earth Science, April 2015, Volume 26, Issue 2, pages 219-223, doi:10.1007/s12583-015-0534-y
- ↑ A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations. Michele Mazza, Manuel Rigo and Alda Nicora, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56 (1), 2011, pages 121-131, doi:10.4202/app.2009.1104
