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The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic.
The Rhaetian is the latest age of the Triassic Period or the uppermost stage of the Triassic System. It was preceded by the Norian and succeeded by the Hettangian. The base of the Rhaetian lacks a formal GSSP, though candidate sections include Steinbergkogel in Austria and Pignola-Abriola in Italy. The end of the Rhaetian is more well-defined. According to the current ICS system, the Rhaetian ended 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma.
In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age and precedes the Ladinian Age.
The Carnian is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series. It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations. Another extinction occurred at the Carnian-Norian boundary, ending the Carnian age.
The Hettangian is the earliest age and lowest stage of the Jurassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 201.3 ± 0.2 Ma and 199.3 ± 0.3 Ma. The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian and is followed by the Sinemurian.
The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch of the Triassic Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between 237 Ma and 201.4 Ma. It is preceded by the Middle Triassic Epoch and followed by the Early Jurassic Epoch. The corresponding series of rock beds is known as the Upper Triassic. The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.
The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 242 Ma and ~237 Ma. The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian.
The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.
Heinz Walter Kozur was a German paleontologist and stratigrapher.
Metapolygnathus is an extinct genus of platform conodonts.
Carnepigondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts of the Late Triassic of Italy or Canada.
Epigondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Gondolellidae.
Mazzaella is an extinct genus of Late Triassic ozarkodinid conodonts in the family Gondolellidae. They are found in mid-Julian sediments of the Tethys Ocean, including strata in Europe and Turkey.
Conodonts are an extinct class of animals whose feeding apparatuses called teeth or elements are common microfossils found in strata dating from the Stage 10 of the Furongian, the fourth and final series of the Cambrian, to the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic. These elements can be used alternatively to or in correlation with other types of fossils in the subfield of the stratigraphy named biostratigraphy.
Cypridodella is an extinct genus of conodonts.
The Pignola-Abriola section is a ~63 m long stratigraphic sequence of cherty limestones deposited in the Lagonegro Basin during the latest Norian and the early Rhaetian Stages. The main outcrop is on the western side of Mount Crocetta along the SP5 road connecting the villages of Pignola and Abriola. A smaller outcrop, overlapping the central part of the main section, is located near a former railway tunnel, few meters below the road level. The Pignola-Abriola section has been recently proposed as GSSP of the Rhaetian Stage.
Neohindeodella is an extinct genus of conodonts. Neohindeodella detrei, a species of Neohindeodella, has the distinction of being the last species of conodont to finally become extinct, during the Hettangian stage of the early Lower Jurassic Period.
Oncodella is an extinct genus of Late Triassic conodont. The genus was given the type species Oncodella idiodentica by Mosher (1968), on the basis of fossils from the Late Triassic of Austria. However, Mosher (1969) later revised the species name to Oncodella paucidentata, since identical fossils from the same area were previously given the name Hindeodella paucidentata by Mostler (1967).
Mockina is an extinct genus of Late Triassic conodonts. Several species of Mockina are used as index fossils for the Alaunian and Sevatian substages of the Triassic. One species, Mockina bidentata, is considered to be ancestral to Misikella and Parvigondolella, some of the last known genera of conodonts. Mockina has occasionally been synonymized with Epigondolella based on the assumption that it represents Epigondolella specimens which live in resource-poor environments. Mockina/Epigondolella multidentata has occasionally been considered to belong to its own genus, Orchardella.
Parvigondolella is an extinct genus of Late Triassic conodonts. The most common species in the genus, Parvigondolella andrusovi, is used as an index fossil for part of the Sevatian substage of the Norian stage. Kozur & Mock, 1991 named two additional species, P. rhaetica and P. vrielyncki. Moix et al. (2007) later argued that "Misikella" rhaetica was a species of Parvigondolella. In order to prevent having two different species with the same name within the genus, they renamed Kozur & Mock (1991)'s P. rhaetica to P. prorhaetica. However, this would be unnecessary if "Misikella" rhaetica was not related to Parvigondolella. Parvigondolella is typically considered a direct descendant of Mockina/Epigondolella bidentata.
References
- ↑ Misikella posthernsteini n. sp., die jüngste Conodontenart der tethyalen Trias. H Kozur, R Mock, Cí asopis Min. Geol. Roc, 1974
- 1 2 Karádi, Viktor; Cau, Andrea; Mazza, Michele; Rigo, Manuel (2019-04-02). "The last phase of conodont evolution during the Late Triassic: Integrating biostratigraphic and phylogenetic approaches". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: 109144. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.045. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 134898058.
- ↑ Fåhræus, Lars. E.; Ryley, C. Christopher (1989-06-01). "Multielement species of Misikella Kozur and Mock, 1974 and Axiothea n.gen. (Conodonta) from the Mamonia Complex (Upper Triassic), Cyprus". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 26 (6): 1255–1263. Bibcode:1989CaJES..26.1255F. doi:10.1139/e89-106. ISSN 0008-4077.
- ↑ Du, Yixing; Onoue, Tetsuji; Tomimatsu, Yuki; Wu, Qiangwang; Rigo, Manuel (2023). "Lower Jurassic conodonts from the Inuyama area of Japan: implications for conodont extinction". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1135789 . hdl: 11577/3479836 . ISSN 2296-701X.
- ↑ Krystyn, Leopold (March 2010). "Decision report on the defining event for the base of the Rhaetian stage" (PDF). Albertiana. 38: 11–12.
- ↑ Krystyn, L.; Bouquerel, H.; Kuerschner, W.; Richoz, S.; Gallet, Y. (2007). "Proposal for a candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian Stage". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 41: 189–199.
- ↑ Rigo, Manuel; Bertinelli, Angela; Concheri, Giuseppe; Gattolin, Giovanni; Godfrey, Linda; Katz, Miriam E.; Maron, Matteo; Mietto, Paolo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Sprovieri, Mario; Stellin, Fabio; Mariachiara, Zaffani (2016). "The Pignola-Abriola section (southern Apennines, Italy): a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian Stage". Lethaia. 49 (3): 287–306. doi:10.1111/let.12145. hdl:11577/3157425. ISSN 1502-3931.
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- Conodonts of the genus Misikella Kozur and Mock, 1974 from the Rhaetian of the Tatra Mts (West Carpathians). A Gazdzicki, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 1978
