Oncodella

Last updated

Oncodella
Temporal range: Norian–Rhaetian
Oncodella paucidentata.png
Diagram of Oncodella paucidentata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
†Conodonta
Order:
†Prioniodontida
Family:
†Coleodontidae
Genus:
†Oncodella

Mosher 1968

Oncodella is an extinct genus of Late Triassic (latest Norian to early Rhaetian) conodont. [1] [2] The genus was given the type species Oncodella idiodentica by Mosher (1968), on the basis of fossils from the Late Triassic of Austria. [3] However, Mosher (1969) later revised the species name to Oncodella paucidentata, since identical fossils from the same area were previously given the name Hindeodella paucidentata by Mostler (1967). [4] [5]

Contents

Like many genera which occupied the last phases of conodont evolution, Oncodella was atavistic and relatively simple in form, possibly due to environmental stresses. [6] The origin of the genus is poorly understood. The common type species, Oncodella paucidentata, had a rod-like lower bar hosting a row of three to five denticles (tooth-like spines). The denticles were elongated, thin, and widely-spaced. They tilted backwards, especially towards the back of the platform. [3] An extremely rare second species, Oncodella mostleri, is only known from Hungary. It had three to four smaller denticles between the first and second large denticles, as well as a short rear bar without denticles. [7]

Occurrence

Tethyan region

Oncodella is most common in European outcrops corresponding to the western Tethys Ocean. It was first reported from the Someraukogel and Steinbergkogel sites near Hallstatt in Austria. [3] At outcrops B and C of Steinbergkogel, Oncodella first occurs alongside Misikella hernsteini and morphotype A of Epigondolella mosheri . These conodonts first appear near the end of the Sevatian (late Norian), only a short time before the base of the Rhaetian. This indicates that Oncodella first evolved in the latest Norian as well. [8] [9] [2] [10] Oncodella is also known from other outcrops in the Northern Calcareous Alps. These include Dachstein reef facies at Gosausee in Austria, [11] and the Donnerkogel Formation at Mount Hohes Brett in Germany. [12]

In Sicily, Oncodella is a common early Rhaetian conodont which co-occurs alongside Misikella posthernsteini. It has been found in the Portella Gebia limestone of the Pizzo Mondello section, [13] as well as the Calcari con Selce ("cherty limestone") formation at Monte Triona. [14] Calcari con Selce outcrops of the Italian mainland, such as the Pignola, Vietri di Potenza, and Pezza la Quagliara sections, have also produced Oncodella fossils. Despite being characteristic of the early Rhaetian (as defined by the first appearance of M. posthernsteini), Oncodella actually first appears in the Norian, slightly before M. posthernsteini. [15]

Reworked Oncodella fossils have been found in the Western Carpathians. Oncodella is one of several conodonts used to determine the age of limestone pebbles within Jurassic and Cretaceous-age conglomerate. Conglomerate in Slovakia is known to preserve Oncodella within Rhaetian limestone pebbles transitional between Hallstatt and Zlambach facies. [16] Turonian-age conglomerate from the Sromowce Formation of Poland preserves late Norian pebbles, as indicated by the presence of Oncodella and absence of Misikella posthernsteini. [17] Oncodella fossils have been found in non-reworked limestone in the area as well. [18] The Carnian-Rhaetian Silická Brezová sequence of Slovakia is one of the most well-studied examples of these types of sites. [19] Further south in Hungary, the Csővár Formation has produced not only the typical Norian-Rhaetian Oncodella paucidentata species, [20] [7] but also a new early Norian species, Oncodella mostleri. [7]

Oncodella is a component of Norian-Rhaetian conodont faunas in the Julian Alps of Slovenia. In the Triassic, this area was a deep basin (the Slovenian Basin) nowadays represented by the limestone-dominated Slatnik Formation, [21] as well as the Bača Dolomite. [22] At the Mount Kobla section of the Slatnik Formation, Oncodella first appears in the upper part of the Sevatian-age Parvigondolella andrusovi -Misikella hernsteini conodont zone. [23] [24] However, it only occupies a relatively short interval of time which bridges the Norian-Rhaetian Boundary. [21] Albania [25] [26] and Serbia [27] are other Balkan states known to produce Oncodella fossils. It has also been found along the Mediterranean in Turkey [28] and Cyprus. [29]

Although Oncodella has been reported from Asia, these reports are dubious. Claims of Oncodella being found in Kashmir originated from a fraudulent conodont researcher. [30] "Oncodella obuti" was named from Olenekian-age material in southern Primorye of southeast Russia, [31] but it may actually represent an S element of Neostrachanognathus . [32]

Panthalassan region

Oncodella is typically not found in areas corresponding to Panthalassa, the giant proto-Pacific Ocean. It also persists for a shorter period of time, with no late Norian record and a reduced Rhaetian record. [2] However, it is a notable part of the early Rhaetian conodont fauna of the San Hipolito Formation in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The oldest Oncodella fossils in this area are found at the INB section, a sampled section of the formation's sandstone member. At INB, it first appears in the Proparvicingla moniliformis 2a radiolarian assemblage zone. At least in the San Hipolito Formation, Oncodella has a similar stratigraphic range to Epigondolella mosheri sensu lato, a conodont often used to establish the early Rhaetian in North America. Oncodella also occurs at the COB section, although it first appears in the slightly younger moniliformis 2b zone. Oncodella goes extinct at the end of the moniliformis 2c zone in Baja California Sur. [20]

A single Oncodella specimen has been found alongside moniliformis 2a-zone radiolarians in the Sandilands Formation of Kunga Island in British Columbia, Canada. Other Tethyan-type conodonts are also extremely rare or absent from Canada. The more notable presence of Tethyan-type conodonts in Mexico may be indicative of biogeographical pressures on conodonts. Oncodella could be considered a low-latitude conodont, since it is practically absent in northern Panthalassa (now accreted onto Canada) and more common in low-latitude areas of the Panthalassa and Tethys oceans (now accreted onto Mexico and Europe, respectively). [33] [20]

Related Research Articles

The Rhaetian is the latest age of the Triassic Period or the uppermost stage of the Triassic System. It was preceded by the Norian and succeeded by the Hettangian. The base of the Rhaetian lacks a formal GSSP, though candidate sections include Steinbergkogel in Austria and Pignola-Abriola in Italy. The end of the Rhaetian is more well-defined. According to the current ICS system, the Rhaetian ended 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma.

The Hettangian is the earliest age and lowest stage of the Jurassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 201.3 ± 0.2 Ma and 199.3 ± 0.3 Ma. The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian and is followed by the Sinemurian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Late Triassic</span> Third and final epoch of the Triassic Period

The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch of the Triassic Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between 237 Ma and 201.4 Ma. It is preceded by the Middle Triassic Epoch and followed by the Early Jurassic Epoch. The corresponding series of rock beds is known as the Upper Triassic. The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.

<i>Hindeodus</i> Species of fish (fossil)

Hindeodus is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Anchignathodontidae. The generic name Hindeodus is a tribute to George Jennings Hinde, a British geologist and paleontologist from the 1800s and early 1900s. The suffix -odus typically describes the animal's teeth, essentially making Hindeodus mean Hinde-teeth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radiolarite</span> Type of sedimentary rock

Radiolarite is a siliceous, comparatively hard, fine-grained, chert-like, and homogeneous sedimentary rock that is composed predominantly of the microscopic remains of radiolarians. This term is also used for indurated radiolarian oozes and sometimes as a synonym of radiolarian earth. However, radiolarian earth is typically regarded by Earth scientists to be the unconsolidated equivalent of a radiolarite. A radiolarian chert is well-bedded, microcrystalline radiolarite that has a well-developed siliceous cement or groundmass.

The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.

The Gabbs Formation is a geologic formation in Nevada. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods, and is one of the few formations in the United States known to include the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. In 2007, an exposure of the Gabbs Formation at New York Canyon was proposed a candidate GSSP for the Hettangian stage, the first stage of the Jurassic. However, the New York Canyon section was ultimately not selected as Hettangian GSSP, which instead went to the Kuhjoch section of Austria in 2010.

The Kössen Formation is a Late Triassic (Rhaetian-age) geological formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria and Germany, in the Tiroler-Lech Nature Park. During the Late Triassic, the area now occupied by the Northern Calcareous Alps was instead a long, passive coastline at the western tip of the Neotethys Ocean. The environment was initially dominated by a wide and shallow carbonate platform within a lagoon between the shore and a string of reefs. This carbonate platform is nowadays preserved as the Carnian to Norian-age Hauptdolomit and Dachstein Formation. The Kössen Formation represents a period of increased siliciclastic clay input into the lagoon, covering up the carbonate platform with marls and marly limestones instead of pure limestone or dolomite. The Eiberg Member of the Kössen Formation was deposited in the Eiberg basin, a narrow strip of deeper water which developed between the carbonate platform and the shoreline in the later part of the Rhaetian.

The Kendlbach Formation is a Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (Hettangian) geological formation in Austria and Italy. It contains the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Hettangian stage at the Kuhjoch section in the Karwendel Mountains of Austria.

The Allgäu Formation is a geologic formation in Austria, Germany and Slovakia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Hettangian to Sinemurian stages of the Early Jurassic period, or Raricostatum to Obtusum in the regional stratigraphy. Initially and formally defined by Jacobshagen (1965). The Allgäu Formation is formerly known as spotted marls (Lias-Fleckenmergel) and spotted marly limestones (Fleckenkalk). The formation is represented by dark-grey bioturbated limestones and marlstone interbeds. It represents basinal hemipelagic facies common in Alpine Tethys regions of Alps, Carpathians and other mountain ranges. Several horizons of the formation are particularly rich in ammonite fauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dachstein Formation</span> Geologic formation in the southeastern Alps of Europe

The Dachstein Formation or Dachstein Limestone is a geologic formation in the Alps and other Tethyan mountain ranges in Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Slovakia and Slovenia. It preserves fossils dated to the Norian and Rhaetian stages of the Late Triassic period.

The Oberrhaet Formation, also known as the Oberrhaet Limestone, is a Late Triassic (Rhaetian-age) geological formation in Austria. It is a unit of massive dark grey bioclastic limestones, found within the Northern Calcareous Alps. The Oberrhaet Limestone was originally a series of reefs which developed on the northwest edge of the Eiberg Basin, a narrow marine waterway extending along the northwestern tip of the Neotethys Ocean. The center of the Eiberg Basin is nowadays preserved as the Eiberg Member of the Kössen Formation, which was deposited southeast of the Oberrhaet Limestone and interfingers with it in many areas. The Oberrhaet Limestone was very similar to the Dachstein Limestone, which represented carbonate platforms and reefs on the southeast edge of the Eiberg Basin. The most prominent components of the reefs were giant frond-like colonies of Retiophyllia, a scleractinian coral.

The Slatnik Formation is a stratigraphic unit in Slovenia. It was named after and defined near Mount Slatnik. The formation is defined as an alternating succession of hemipelagic limestone and resedimented limestone. It was deposited between the Upper Norian and the end of the Rhaetian.

Carnepigondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts of the Late Triassic of Italy or Canada.

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Misikella is an extinct genus of conodonts.

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Mockina is an extinct genus of Late Triassic conodonts. Several species of Mockina are used as index fossils for the Alaunian and Sevatian substages of the Triassic. One species, Mockina bidentata, is considered to be ancestral to Misikella and Parvigondolella, some of the last known genera of conodonts. Mockina has occasionally been synonymized with Epigondolella based on the assumption that it represents Epigondolella specimens which live in resource-poor environments. Mockina/Epigondolella multidentata has occasionally been considered to belong to its own genus, Orchardella.

Parvigondolella is an extinct genus of Late Triassic conodonts. The most common species in the genus, Parvigondolella andrusovi, is used as an index fossil for part of the Sevatian substage of the Norian stage. Kozur & Mock, 1991 named two additional species, P. rhaetica and P. vrielyncki. Moix et al. (2007) later argued that "Misikella" rhaetica was a species of Parvigondolella. In order to prevent having two different species with the same name within the genus, they renamed Kozur & Mock (1991)'s P. rhaetica to P. prorhaetica. However, this would be unnecessary if "Misikella" rhaetica was not related to Parvigondolella. Parvigondolella is typically considered a direct descendant of Mockina/Epigondolella bidentata.

References

  1. ↑ Kozur, Heinz; Mock, Rudolf (October 1991). "New Middle Carnian and Rhaetian Conodonts from Hungary and the Alps. Stratigraphic Importance and Tectonic Implications for the Buda Mountains and Adjacent Areas" (PDF). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt-A. 134 (2): 271–297.
  2. 1 2 3 Orchard, Michael J. (2010-01-01). "Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definition". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 334 (1): 139–161. Bibcode:2010GSLSP.334..139O. doi:10.1144/SP334.7. ISSN   0305-8719. S2CID   140691676.
  3. 1 2 3 Mosher, L. Cameron (July 1968). "Triassic Conodonts from Western North America and Europe and Their Correlation". Journal of Paleontology. 42 (4): 895–946. JSTOR   1302396.
  4. ↑ Mostler, Von H. (1967). "Conodonten und Holothuriensklerite aus den norischen Hallstätter-Kalken von Hernstein (Niederösterreich)" (PDF). Verhandlugen der Geologische Bundesanstalt. 1–2: 177–188.
  5. ↑ Mosher, L. Cameron (November 1969). "Nomenclatural Revisions for Triassic Conodonts in Mosher, 1968". Journal of Paleontology. 43 (6): 1441. JSTOR   1302527.
  6. ↑ Kılıç, Ali M.; Plasencia, Pablo; Guex, Jean; Hirsch, Francis (2017), Montenari, Michael (ed.), "Challenging Darwin: Evolution of Triassic Conodonts and Their Struggle for Life in a Changing World", Stratigraphy & Timescales, Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy, vol. 2, Academic Press, pp. 333–389, doi:10.1016/bs.sats.2017.08.003, ISBN   9780128130773
  7. 1 2 3 Karádi, Victor; Kozur, Heinz W.; Görög, Ágnes (2013). "Stratigraphically important Lower Norian conodonts from the Csővár borehole (CSV-1), Hungary - comparison with the conodont succession of the Norian GSSP candidate Pizzo Mondello (Sicily, Italy)". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 61: 284–295.
  8. ↑ Krystyn, L.; Richoz, S.; Gallet, Y.; Bouquerel, H.; Kürschner, W.M.; Spötl, C. (2007). "Updated bio- and magnetostratigraphy from steinbergkogel (Austria), candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian stage". Albertiana. 36: 164–173.
  9. ↑ Krystyn, L.; Bouquerel, H.; Kuerschner, W.; Richoz, S.; Gallet, Y. (2007). "Proposal for a candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian Stage". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 41: 189–199.
  10. ↑ Hüsing, Silja K.; Deenen, Martijn H. L.; Koopmans, Jort G.; Krijgsman, Wout (2011-02-01). "Magnetostratigraphic dating of the proposed Rhaetian GSSP at Steinbergkogel (Upper Triassic, Austria): Implications for the Late Triassic time scale". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 302 (1): 203–216. Bibcode:2011E&PSL.302..203H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.012. ISSN   0012-821X.
  11. ↑ Richoz, Sylvain; Krystyn, Leopold (2015). "The Upper Triassic events recorded in platform and basin of the Austrian Alps. The Triassic/Jurassic GSSP and Norian/Rhaetian GSSP candidate" (PDF). Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt. 111: 75–136.
  12. ↑ Missoni, Sigrid; Gawlick, Hans-Jürgen (2011-01-01). "Jurassic mountain building and Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps as proven in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany)". Facies. 57 (1): 137–186. doi:10.1007/s10347-010-0225-1. ISSN   1612-4820. S2CID   128815776.
  13. ↑ Gullo, M. (1996-12-06). "Conodont biostratigraphy of uppermost Triassic deep-water calcilutites from Pizzo Mondello (Sicani Mountains): Evidence for Rhaetian pelagites in Sicily". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 126 (3): 309–323. Bibcode:1996PPP...126..309G. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00043-0. ISSN   0031-0182.
  14. ↑ Di Stefano, Pietro; Alessi, Aldo; Gullo, Maria (1996-12-01). "Mesozoic and Paleogene megabreccias in Southern Sicily: New data on the Triassic Paleomargin of the Siculo-Tunisian platform". Facies. 34 (1): 101–122. doi:10.1007/BF02546159. ISSN   1612-4820. S2CID   129792334.
  15. ↑ Amodeo, Filomena; Molisso, Flavia; Kozur, Heinz; Marsella, Ennio; D'Argenio, Bruno (1993). "Age of Transitional Beds from "Cherty Limestones" (calcari con selce) to "Radiolarites" (scisti silicei) in the Lagonegro Domain (Southern Italy). First evidence of Rhaetian conodonts in peninsular Italy". Bolletino del Servizio Geologico d'Italia. 110: 3–22.
  16. ↑ Sýkora, Milan; Siblík, Miloš; Soták, Ján (April 1998). "An Upper Triassic limestone pebble with "Spirigera" deslongchampsi Suess from the southern part of the Western Carpathians, Southern Slovakia". Geologica Carpathica. 49 (2): 99–108.
  17. ↑ Birkenmajer, Krzysztof; Kozur, Heinz; Mock, Rudolf (1990). "Exotic Triassic pelagic limestone pebbles from the Pieniny Klippen Belt of Poland: a further evidence for early Mesozoic rifting in West Carpathians". Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae. 60 (1–4): 3–44.
  18. ↑ Gaździcki, Andrzej; Kozur, Heinz; Mock, Rudolf (1979). "The Norian-Rhaetian boundary in the light of micropaleontological data" (PDF). Geologija. 22 (1): 71–112.
  19. ↑ Channell, J. E. T.; Kozur, H. W.; Sievers, T.; Mock, R.; Aubrecht, R.; Sykora, M. (2003-02-15). "Carnian–Norian biomagnetostratigraphy at Silická Brezová (Slovakia): correlation to other Tethyan sections and to the Newark Basin". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 191 (2): 65–109. Bibcode:2003PPP...191...65C. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)006545. ISSN   0031-0182.
  20. 1 2 3 Orchard, Michael J.; Whalen, Patricia A.; Carter, Elizabeth S.; Taylor, Hillary J. (2007). "Latest Triassic conodonts and radiolarian-bearing successions in Baja California Sur". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 41: 355–365.
  21. 1 2 Rožič, Boštjan; Kolar-Jurkovšek, Tea; Šmuc, Andrej (2008-11-07). "Late Triassic sedimentary evolution of Slovenian Basin (eastern Southern Alps): description and correlation of the Slatnik Formation". Facies. 55 (1): 137. doi:10.1007/s10347-008-0164-2. ISSN   1612-4820. S2CID   128471724.
  22. ↑ Rožič, Boštjan; Jurkovšek, Tea Kolar; Rožič, Petra Žvab; Gale, Luka (2017-08-01). "Sedimentary record of subsidence pulse at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary interval in the Slovenian Basin (eastern Southern Alps)". Geologica Carpathica. 68 (6): 543–561. Bibcode:2017GCarp..68..543R. doi: 10.1515/geoca-2017-0036 . ISSN   1336-8052. S2CID   59320765.
  23. ↑ Kolar-Jurkovšek, Tea (2011). "Latest Triassic conodonts of the Slovenian Basin and some remarks on their evolution". Geologija. 54 (1): 81–90. doi: 10.5474/geologija.2011.006 . S2CID   25758650.
  24. ↑ Gale, Luka; Kolar-Jurkovšek, Tea; Šmuc, Andrej; Rožič, Boštjan (2012-10-01). "Integrated Rhaetian foraminiferal and conodont biostratigraphy from the Slovenian Basin, eastern Southern Alps". Swiss Journal of Geosciences . 105 (3): 435–462. doi: 10.1007/s00015-012-0117-1 . ISSN   1661-8734. S2CID   128966236.
  25. ↑ Meço, Selam (2010-03-04). "Litho-biostratigraphy and the conodonts of Palaeozoic/Triassic deposits in Albania". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 290 (4–6): 131–197. doi:10.1127/pala/290/2010/131.
  26. ↑ Gawlick, Hans-Jürgen; Frisch, Wolfgang; Hoxha, Lirim; Dumitrica, Paulian; Krystyn, Leopold; Lein, Richard; Missoni, Sigrid; Schlagintweit, Felix (2007-06-15). "Mirdita Zone ophiolites and associated sediments in Albania reveal Neotethys Ocean origin". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 97 (4): 865. doi:10.1007/s00531-007-0193-z. ISSN   1437-3262. S2CID   128960425.
  27. ↑ Gawlick, Hans-Jürgen; Missoni, Sigrid; Sudar, Milan N.; Suzuki, Hisashi; Méres, Štefan; Lein, Richard; Jovanović, Divna (April 2018). "The Jurassic Hallstatt Mélange of the Inner Dinarides (SW Serbia): implications for Triassic-Jurassic geodynamic and palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Western Tethyan realm". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 288: 1–47. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0721.
  28. ↑ Gallet, Yves; Krystyn, Leopold; Marcoux, Jean; Besse, Jean (2007-03-30). "New constraints on the End-Triassic (Upper Norian–Rhaetian) magnetostratigraphy". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 255 (3): 458–470. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.255..458G. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.004. ISSN   0012-821X.
  29. ↑ Christopher, Charles (1987). Multielement taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and paleoecology of late Triassic conodonts from the Mamonia Complex, southwestern Cyprus (PDF). Memorial University of Newfoundland. pp. 1–191.
  30. ↑ Webster, Gary D.; Rexroad, Carl B.; Talent, John A. (May 1993). "An evaluation of the V. J. Gupta conodont papers". Journal of Paleontology. 67 (3): 486–493. doi:10.1017/S0022336000036933. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   130317390.
  31. ↑ Buryi, G. (1979). "Lower Triassic conodonts of the South Primory'e" (PDF). Instituta Geologii I Geofiziki, Sibirskoe Otdelenie: 1–142.
  32. ↑ Orchard, Michael J. (2007-08-20). "Conodont diversity and evolution through the latest Permian and Early Triassic upheavals". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. The Permian-Triassic Boundary Crisis and Early Triassic Biotic Recovery. 252 (1): 93–117. Bibcode:2007PPP...252...93O. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.037. ISSN   0031-0182.
  33. ↑ Carter, Elizabeth S.; Orchard, Michael J. (2007). "Radiolarian - conodont – ammonoid intercalibration around the Norian-Rhaetian Boundary and implications for trans-Panthalassan correlation". Albertiana. 36: 139–163.
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