Speculations exist as to whether or not certain Yersinia can also be spread by protozoonotic mechanisms, since Yersinia species are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; currently, there are studies and discussions of the possibility of amoeba-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) Yersinia propagation and proliferation.[3]
Microbial physiology
An interesting feature peculiar to some of the Yersinia bacteria is the ability to not only survive, but also to actively proliferate at temperatures as low as 1–4°C (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator).[4]Yersinia bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate solutions.
Yersinia may be associated with Crohn's disease, an inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gut. Iranian people with Crohn's disease were more likely to have had earlier exposure to refrigerators at home,[5] consistent with its unusual ability to thrive at low temperatures.
Also, the genus is associated with pseudoappendicitis, which is an incorrect diagnosis of appendicitis due to a similar presentation.[7]
Pathogenesis
Effector proteins
All pathogenic Yersinia have effector proteins that are injected into host cells using a type-three secretion system (T3SS), including 6 Yop proteins. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica has a different effector protein family composed of 8 Ysp proteins. These effector proteins disrupt the cytoskeleton, phagocytosis, and various immune responses.[8]
Y. pestis, the first known species, was identified in 1894[9] by A.E.J. Yersin, a Swiss bacteriologist, and Kitasato Shibasaburō, a Japanese bacteriologist.[10] It was formerly described as Pasteurella pestis (known trivially as the plague-bacillus) by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896.[10][11] In 1944, van Loghem reclassified the species P. pestis and P. rondentium into a new genus, Yersinia.[10][11] Following the introduction of the bacteriological code, it was accepted as valid in 1980.[11]
↑ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4thed.). McGraw Hill. pp.368–70. ISBN0-8385-8529-9.
↑ Bichai, F.; Payment, P.; Barbeau, B. (2008). "Protection of waterborne pathogens by higher organisms in drinking water: a review". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 54 (7): 509–524. doi:10.1139/W08-039. PMID18641697. S2CID1528556.
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