Yuri Oganessian

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Yuri Oganessian
Юрий Оганесян
Yuri Oganessian.jpg
Oganessian in 2016
Born
Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian

(1933-04-14) 14 April 1933 (age 91)
Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
CitizenshipSoviet Union (1933–1991)
Russia (1991–present)
Armenia (2018–present) [1] [2]
Alma mater Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Known forCo-discoverer of the heaviest elements in the periodic table; element oganesson named after him
Awards Lomonosov Gold Medal (2017)
Demidov Prize (2019)
Scientific career
Fields Nuclear physics [3]
Institutions Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian [a] (born 14 April 1933) is an Armenian and Russian nuclear physicist who is best known as a researcher of superheavy chemical elements. [7] He has led the discovery of multiple elements of the periodic table. [8] [9] He succeeded Georgy Flyorov as director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in 1989 and is now its scientific director. [10] The heaviest element known of the periodic table, oganesson, is named after him, only the second time that an element was named after a living person (the other being seaborgium). [7] [b]

Contents

Personal life

Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, USSR on 14 April 1933 [12] to Armenian parents. [13] [14] His father was from Igdir (now in Turkey), [15] while his mother was from Armavir in what is now Russia's Krasnodar Krai. [16] Oganessian spent his childhood in Yerevan, the capital of Soviet Armenia, where his family relocated in 1939. His father, Tsolak, a thermal engineer, was invited to work on the synthetic rubber plant in Yerevan. After the Eastern Front of World War II commenced, his family decided to not return to Rostov since it was occupied by Germans. Yuri attended and finished school in Yerevan. [16] [4] [15] He initially wanted to become a painter. [15]

Oganessian was married to Irina Levonovna (1932–2010), a violinist and a music teacher in Dubna, [17] [18] with whom he had two daughters. [19] [20] As of 2017, his daughters resided in the U.S. [21]

Oganessian speaks Russian, Armenian, [15] and English. [22] [23]

Career

"A remarkable physicist and experimentalist… his work is characterised by originality, an ability to approach a problem from an unexpected side, and to achieve an ultimate result."

 —Flyorov on Oganessian, 1990 [7]

Oganessian graduated from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in 1956. [9] [12] He thereafter sought to join the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow, but as there were no vacancies left in Gersh Budker's team, he was instead recruited by Georgy Flyorov and began working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow. [7] [12]

He became director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at JINR in 1989, after Flyorov retired, and had the job until 1996, when he was named the scientific director of the Flyorov laboratory. [10]

Discovery of superheavy chemical elements

During the 1970s, Oganessian invented the "cold fusion" method [7] (unrelated to the unproven energy-producing process cold fusion), a technique to produce transactinide elements (superheavy elements). It was crucial for the discoveries of elements from 106 to 113. [7] From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, the partnership of JINR, directed by Oganessian, and the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Germany, resulted in the discovery of six chemical elements (107 to 112): bohrium, [24] [25] [12] meitnerium, hassium, [26] darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium. [7]

His newer technique, termed "hot fusion" (also unrelated to nuclear fusion as an energy process), helped to discover elements 113 to 118, completing the seventh row of the periodic table. [7] The technique involved bombarding calcium into targets containing heavier radioactive elements that are rich in neutrons at a cyclotron. [27] The elements discovered using this method are nihonium (2003; also discovered by Riken in Japan using cold fusion), [28] flerovium (1999), [29] moscovium (2003), [30] livermorium (2000), [31] tennessine (2009), [32] and oganesson (2002). [33]

Recognition

Oganessian on a 2017 Armenian stamp Yuri Oganessian 2017 stamp of Armenia.jpg
Oganessian on a 2017 Armenian stamp

Sherry Yennello has called him the "grandfather of superheavy elements". [7] Oganessian is the author of three discoveries, a monograph, 11 inventions, and more than 300 scientific papers. [9]

Oganessian has been considered worthy of a Nobel laureate in Chemistry, [34] including by Alexander Sergeev, former head of the Russian Academy of Sciences. [35]

Oganesson

During early 2016, science writers and bloggers speculated that one of the superheavy elements would be named oganessium or oganesson. [36] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) announced in November 2016 that element 118 would be named oganesson to honor Oganessian. [37] [38] [39] It was first observed in 2002 at JINR, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. Directed by Oganessian, the team included American scientists of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California. [40] Prior to this announcement, a dozen elements had been named after people, [c] but of those, only seaborgium was likewise named while its namesake (Glenn T. Seaborg) was alive. [7] (The names einsteinium and fermium were suggested when their namesakes, respectively Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, were still alive; however, by the time the names became official, Einstein and Fermi had both died.) As Seaborg died in 1999, Oganessian is the only currently living namesake of an element. [41] [42] [43]

Honors and awards

In 1990, he was elected Corresponding Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and in 2003 a Full Member (Academician) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. [12]

Oganessian has honorary degrees from Goethe University Frankfurt (2002), [44] University of Messina (2009), [45] and Yerevan State University (2022). [46] In 2019, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. [47]

State awards

Professional awards

Recognition in Armenia

Oganessian was granted Armenian citizenship in July 2018 by Premier Nikol Pashinyan. [59] Oganessian is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology (FAST). He is also the chairman of the international scientific board of the Alikhanian National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute). [60] In 2017 HayPost issued a postage stamp dedicated to Oganessian. [61] In 2022 the Central Bank of Armenia issued a silver commemorative coin dedicated to Oganessian and the element oganesson (Og). [62] In April 2022 he was named honorary professor of Yerevan State University. [46]

Selected publications

Notes

  1. ↑ Russian: Юрий Цолакович Оганесян, IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪjtsɐˈlakəvʲɪtɕɐɡənʲɪˈsʲan] ; Armenian: Յուրի Ցոլակի Հովհաննիսյան, romanized: Yuri Ts‘olaki Hovhannisyan, IPA: [juˈɾitsʰɔlɑˈkihɔvhɑnnisˈjɑn] . [4] [5] Oganessian is the Russified version of the Armenian last name Hovhannisyan . The article on Oganessian in the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (1980) described him as an "Armenian Soviet physicist". [6]
  2. ↑ The names einsteinium and fermium for elements 99 and 100 were proposed when their namesakes (Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, respectively) were still alive, but were not made official until Einstein and Fermi had died. [11]
  3. ↑ 12 other elements named in honor of people: curium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium, rutherfordium, seaborgium, bohrium, meitnerium, roentgenium, copernicium; in addition, the intention behind the name flerovium was to honour Flerov.

Related Research Articles

Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Rf and atomic number 104. It is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford. As a synthetic element, it is not found in nature and can only be made in a particle accelerator. It is radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of about 48 minutes.

The transuraniumelements are the chemical elements with atomic number greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium. All of them are radioactively unstable and decay into other elements. Except for neptunium and plutonium, which have been found in trace amounts in nature, none occur naturally on Earth and they are synthetic.

Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is extremely radioactive: the most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 14 seconds. Darmstadtium was first created in November 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, after which it was named.

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in a laboratory setting and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, to discover livermorium during experiments conducted between 2000 and 2006. The name of the laboratory refers to the city of Livermore, California, where it is located, which in turn was named after the rancher and landowner Robert Livermore. The name was adopted by IUPAC on May 30, 2012. Six isotopes of livermorium are known, with mass numbers of 288–293 inclusive; the longest-lived among them is livermorium-293 with a half-life of about 80 milliseconds. A seventh possible isotope with mass number 294 has been reported but not yet confirmed.

Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose eponym is alive as of 2024.

Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or element 120, is a hypothetical chemical element; it has symbol Ubn and atomic number 120. Unbinilium and Ubn are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkaline earth metal, and the second element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island of stability.

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. On 28 November 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow Oblast, in which the JINR is situated.

Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ts and atomic number 117. It has the second-highest atomic number and joint-highest atomic mass of all known elements and is the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. It is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, where key research institutions involved in its discovery are located.

Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive, superheavy element, named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1999. The lab's name, in turn, honours Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov. IUPAC adopted the name on 30 May 2012. The name and symbol had previously been proposed for element 102 (nobelium), but was not accepted by IUPAC at that time.

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element; it has the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is extremely radioactive: its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 10 seconds. In the periodic table, nihonium is a transactinide element in the p-block. It is a member of period 7 and group 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</span> Physics research institute in Russia

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, is an international research center for nuclear sciences, with 5,500 staff members including 1,200 researchers holding over 1,000 Ph.Ds from eighteen countries. Most scientists are scientists of the Russian Federation.

Superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, or superheavies for short, are the chemical elements with atomic number greater than 104. The superheavy elements are those beyond the actinides in the periodic table; the last actinide is lawrencium. By definition, superheavy elements are also transuranium elements, i.e., having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (92). Depending on the definition of group 3 adopted by authors, lawrencium may also be included to complete the 6d series.

Hassium (108Hs) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 265Hs in 1984. There are 13 known isotopes from 263Hs to 277Hs and up to six isomers. The most stable known isotope is 271Hs, with a half-life of about 46 seconds, though this assignment is not definite due to uncertainty arising from a low number of measurements. The isotopes 269Hs and 270Hs respectively have half-lives of about 12 seconds and 7.6 seconds. It is also possible that the isomer 277mHs is more stable than these, with a reported half-life 130±100 seconds, but only one event of decay of this isotope has been registered as of 2016.

Copernicium (112Cn) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are seven known radioisotopes ; the longest-lived isotope is 285Cn with a half-life of 30 seconds.

Flerovium (114Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999. Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed 290Fl, and possibly two nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 289Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds, but 290Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds.

Livermorium (116Lv) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 293Lv in 2000. There are six known radioisotopes, with mass numbers 288–293, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope 294Lv. The longest-lived known isotope is 293Lv with a half-life of 70 ms.

Oganesson (118Og) is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first and only isotope to be synthesized was 294Og in 2002 and 2005; it has a half-life of 0.7 milliseconds.

Unbinilium (120Ubn) has not yet been synthesised, so there is no experimental data and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it would have no stable isotopes.

Unbiquadium, also known as element 124 or eka-uranium, is a hypothetical chemical element; it has placeholder symbol Ubq and atomic number 124. Unbiquadium and Ubq are the temporary IUPAC name and symbol, respectively, until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table, unbiquadium is expected to be a g-block superactinide and the sixth element in the 8th period. Unbiquadium has attracted attention, as it may lie within the island of stability, leading to longer half-lives, especially for 308Ubq which is predicted to have a magic number of neutrons (184).

References

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  2. ↑ "Премьер Армении предоставил гражданство российскому ученому Юрию Оганесяну" (in Russian). TASS. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018.
  3. ↑ "Dr. Yuri Oganessian". Texas A&M University Hagler Institute for Advanced Study. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019.
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  35. ↑ Medvedev, Yuri (18 December 2018). "Перевернуть пирамиду". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). No. 285. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Александр Михайлович, и все же ваш прогноз. Кто из наших ученых может в ближайшее время получить заветного Нобеля? Многие очевидным претендентом считают академика Юрия Оганесяна...
    Александр Сергеев: Конечно, кандидатура достойнейшая. Очень надеюсь, что ему поможет наступающий год, который Генеральная ассамблея ООН объявила Годом Периодической таблицы химических элементов.
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  43. ↑ Feltman, Rachel (9 June 2016). "For the second time in history, a living scientist has an element named in his honor". Washington Post .
  44. ↑ "Honorary doctorates of the faculties of natural sciences". uni-frankfurt.de.
  45. ↑ "International Conference: Nuclear Reactions on Nucelos and Nuclei" (PDF). unime.it. 5–9 October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2017. In honour of Yuri Oganessian for his laurea honoris causa that will be conferred by the University of Messina.
  46. 1 2 "Յուրի Հովհաննիսյանին շնորհվեց ԵՊՀ պատվավոր պրոֆեսորի կոչում [Yuri Hovhannisyan was awarded the title of YSU Honorary Professor]". ysu.am (in Armenian). Yerevan State University. 15 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022.
  47. ↑ "Professor Yuri Oganessian". caths.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020.
  48. ↑ "Указ Президента РФ от 20 ноября 2003 г. N 1372 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации"". onagradah.ru (in Russian). 20 November 2013.
  49. ↑ "2010 Russian Federation National Awards have been presented". kremlin.ru. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020.
  50. ↑ "Yu.Ts.Oganessian and M.G.Itkis are National Award winners 2010". jinr.ru. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 12 June 2011.
  51. ↑ Ghazanchyan, Siranush (24 September 2019). "Yuri Oganessian awarded Armenia's St. Mesrop Mashtots Order". armradio.am. Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019.
  52. ↑ "Recipients of Kurchatov Medal". ras.ru. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020.
  53. ↑ "EPS Nuclear Physics Division – Lise Meitner Prize". eps.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  54. ↑ "The Lomonosov Gold Medal was awarded to Academician Oganessian". jinr.ru. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 1 March 2018.
  55. ↑ "Президент РАН вручил Большую золотую медаль им. М.В. Ломоносова Юрию Оганесяну". Scientific Russia (in Russian). 2 April 2018.
  56. ↑ "Ю. Ц. Оганесян — лауреат Демидовской премий 2019" (in Russian). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019.
  57. ↑ "Юрию Оганесяну присудили Демидовскую премию за 2019 год" (in Russian). TASS. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019.
  58. ↑ "Professors Balzani and Oganessian to receive first UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences". unesco.org. UNESCO. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022.
  59. ↑ "Նիկոլ Փաշինյանը Յուրի Օգանեսովին ՀՀ քաղաքացիություն է շնորհել" (in Armenian). Yerkir Media. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018.
  60. ↑ "President Sargsyan receives renowned scientists Yuri Oganessian and Ani Aprahamian". Armenpress. 6 November 2017.
  61. ↑ "Yuri Oganessian". haypost.am. 28 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.
  62. ↑ "Collector coins have been put into circulation". cba.am. Central Bank of Armenia. 14 April 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022.
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