Zap Energy

Last updated
Zap Energy
Company typePrivate
Industry Energy
Founded2017;7 years ago (2017)
Headquarters
Seattle, Washington
,
US
Key people
Benj Conway (President, CEO), Brian A. Nelson (CTO), Uri Shumlak (CSO)
Number of employees
150 (2023)
Website www.zapenergy.com

Zap Energy is an American company that aims to commercialize fusion power through use of a sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch. The company is based near Seattle with research facilities in Everett and Mukilteo, Washington. [1] The company aims to scale their technology to maintain plasma stability at increasingly higher energy levels, with the goal of achieving scientific breakeven and eventual commercial profitability. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

The conceptual basis for the technology was developed at the University of Washington led by Uri Shumlak. Zap Energy formed following the positive initial results achieved by the FuZE device as part of ARPA-E's ALPHA program. The company was co-founded by British entrepreneur and investor Benj Conway (President, CEO), together with nuclear physicists Brian A. Nelson (Chief Technology Officer) and Uri Shumlak (Chief Science Officer). [5]

Sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch fusion

Normal pinch plasma will form instabilities such as the ones shown above, which will disrupt the plasma. Kink Modes Model.png
Normal pinch plasma will form instabilities such as the ones shown above, which will disrupt the plasma.

The pinch effect relies on the fact that a current flowing in a conductor produces an inward-directed force, squeezing the conductor. In the case of a fusion device, the conductor is a plasma of the fusion fuel. The current is induced either using an external magnet, or directly applied using electrodes in the reaction chamber. The device's relative simplicity led many researchers around the world to build pinch systems.

In early experiments, pinch systems were found to be unstable and the plasma was quickly forced into the walls of the reaction chamber, cooling it so that fusion does not occur. This led to the development of stabilized pinch machines, most notably the UK's ZETA. At first it appeared these designs were free from the instabilities of the earlier devices. However, further investigation showed that new "microinstabilities" were just as effective at destroying confinement as the earlier, larger, instabilities had been. With no obvious solution to these new class of problems, major research on the classic pinch devices ended by the early 1960s.

The idea of using the flow of the plasma as an additional stabilizing force emerged in the 1990s. In this concept, the pinch is developed such that the plasma flows at different speeds as one moves out from the center of the plasma column, with the outer layers being about ten times as fast as the center. [6] As the magnetic field created by the pinch current is a function of both the density and speed of the charges, this causes the resulting pinch field to be non-linear across the plasma column. This surpasses the growth rate of the kink, sausage and interchange instabilities. The exact conditions that need to be reached to stabilize the pinch is an open area of research. [7] [8]

History

A cartoon of the four-step process for pinch assembly. A voltage is applied to the center cathode, which is a copper tube, encased in tungsten-carbide. Fusion fuel is pumped into the back of the chamber which is ionized using Paschen breakdown. A Lorenz force sweeps this plasma forward, assembling the pinch between the cathode and the wall. Current flows from the cathode along the plasma to the grounded end cap, ions, move in the other direction. Flow Pinch Assembly.png
A cartoon of the four-step process for pinch assembly. A voltage is applied to the center cathode, which is a copper tube, encased in tungsten-carbide. Fusion fuel is pumped into the back of the chamber which is ionized using Paschen breakdown. A Lorenz force sweeps this plasma forward, assembling the pinch between the cathode and the wall. Current flows from the cathode along the plasma to the grounded end cap, ions, move in the other direction.

Zap Energy's technical origins rely on the work of Dr. Uri Shumlak at the University of Washington, starting in 1995. The university built three experimental machines to test the flowing pinch:

The Shumlak lab developed custom tools to measure their plasmas. [13]

Zap Energy was founded in 2017 as a spin-off from the FuZE (Fusion Z-pinch Experiment) research team at the University of Washington and collaborations with researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. [14] Zap Energy then built a next generation fusion core, FuZE-Q (2021–present at Zap Energy). Zap achieved their first fusion reaction as a company in 2018, [15] but in November 2021, Livermore National Laboratory provided an independent and more precise measurement of neutron production inside the flowing pinch, proving that the machine can do fusion with deuterium fuel. [16] The effort was led by ARPA-E, where the agency organized fusion teams to support private fusion companies.

An example of a flowing pinch formed on the FUZE device. Here a pinched plasma 50 cm long and 0.6 cm wide flows across an electrode gap. Flowing Pinch.png
An example of a flowing pinch formed on the FUZE device. Here a pinched plasma 50 cm long and 0.6 cm wide flows across an electrode gap.

From 2015 to 2020, a series of U.S. Department of Energy grants enabled the team to test their sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch reactor at progressively higher energy levels. [18] [19] [20] [21]

In July 2020, Zap Energy raised $6.5 million in Series A funding. [22]

In May 2021 Zap closed $27.5 million in Series B funding including from Addition, Energy Impact Partners, Chevron Technology Ventures and Lowercarbon Capital. [23] [5] [24] Chevron's financing was the first investment in fusion energy by a major U.S. oil company. [25] [26]

In June 2022, Zap Energy announced first plasmas in their breakeven device (FuZE-Q) and a $160 million Series C raise backed by Lowercarbon Capital, Bill Gates's Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Shell PLC, Valor, DCVC, Energy Impact Partners, Chevron and others. [27] [28]

In October 2022, the Centralia Coal Transition Energy Technology Board recently awarded a $1 million grant to Zap Energy to fund the costs of assessing the feasibility of constructing a Zap fusion energy pilot plant at the site of the TransAlta Big Hanaford gas power plant. [29]

In May 2023, Zap Energy was one of eight companies chosen for the United States Department of Energy Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program. [30] [31]

In June 2023, Zap Energy secured significant new repetitive pulsed power manufacturing capabilities by acquiring the liquidated assets of ICAR. [32] Also in June, Zap Energy was selected as a World Economic Forum Technology Unicorn, valued at more than one billion USD. [33]

In 2024 FuZE demonstrated 1-3 keV plasma electron temperatures — (11 to 37 million degrees C), the simplest, smallest, and lowest cost device to do so. [34]

Design

A CAD drawing of the sheared-flow stabilized Z pinch device Typical Flowing Pinch.png
A CAD drawing of the sheared-flow stabilized Z pinch device

The Zap Energy reactor is a pulsed power system with no external magnets. [1] [35] [12] The machine is a ~2 meter long metal tube with a cathode running halfway down the middle. A voltage is applied between the central cathode and the grounded wall. Fusion fuel is puffed in the back of the machine, which ionizes due to Paschen breakdown, creating a plasma. [17] This plasma sweeps forward and assembles into a ~50 cm long flowing pinch in the gap between the cathode and the wall.

Testing

Zap Energy has outfitted these machines with tools to measure the performance of the flowing pinch. Among them includes:

Other diagnostic tools have been used to measure the pinches, many in partnership with experimenters from national laboratories.

Scaling up

A model of scaling up the current inside the flowing pinch. FlowingPinchScaling.png
A model of scaling up the current inside the flowing pinch.

Zap Energy argued that the rate of fusion in a flowing pinch scales as the pinch current to the 11th power [38] [39] [40] and that because of this, all that is needed to generate net power from a flowing pinch is higher current. However, this scaling model is based on adiabatic plasmas and that model fails to capture all real-world behavior.[ citation needed ]

Critics have pointed out that higher currents could introduce drift instabilities and shockwaves that could tear the plasma apart. [40] In the case of drift waves, the (+) ions and (-) electrons would move at different speeds because of their mass differences, and this would disrupt the plasma. Shockwaves could form during the pinch assembly process. When the plasma sweeps together at high speeds, the two plasma waves could form a shockwave at higher speeds. Finding other ways to form the pinch plasma are possible solutions to this problem.

Supporting simulations have argued that to reach net power ~650 kiloamps (kA) of current is needed through the flowing pinch. As of late 2021 the company was testing with currents reaching 500 kA. [41]

Device

Zap Energy proposed to surround the pinch with a molten blanket to absorb the material coming off the pinch. This approach is similar to those proposed by First Light Fusion and General Fusion.

Challenges

The higher pinch currents that are needed for scale-up introduce the possibility of electrode melting and electrode erosion. This kind of erosion has been researched extensively within the field of spacecraft electric propulsion. In 2021, Zap's cathodes were made from copper coated with Tungsten carbide, which has a maximum melting point of 3,103 kelvin. [42] Materials like graphene are a possible solution. The machines could be built with bigger spot sizes, active cooling or another work-around.

Another critique is that the volume of plasma inside the narrow pinch beam is relatively small when compared to fusion machines such as magnetic mirrors, tokamaks or other fusion approaches. This caps the amount of fusion fuel, and subsequently, the amount of energy that can be made in a flowing pinch. Higher shot rates, multiple machines, and longer and wider pinch beams are all possible solutions.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear fusion</span> Process of combining atomic nuclei

Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei, usually deuterium and tritium, combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy. This difference in mass arises due to the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers active or main-sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokamak</span> Magnetic confinement device used to produce thermonuclear fusion power

A tokamak is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field generated by external magnets to confine plasma in the shape of an axially-symmetrical torus. The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power. The tokamak concept is currently one of the leading candidates for a practical fusion reactor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasma stability</span> Degree to which disturbing a plasma system at equilibrium will destabilize it

In plasma physics, plasma stability concerns the stability properties of a plasma in equilibrium and its behavior under small perturbations. The stability of the system determines if the perturbations will grow, oscillate, or be damped out. It is an important consideration in topics such as nuclear fusion and astrophysical plasma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fusion power</span> Electricity generation through nuclear fusion

Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors. Research into fusion reactors began in the 1940s, but as of 2024, no device has reached net power, although net positive reactions have been achieved.

This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inertial electrostatic confinement</span> Fusion power research concept

Inertial electrostatic confinement, or IEC, is a class of fusion power devices that use electric fields to confine the plasma rather than the more common approach using magnetic fields found in magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) designs. Most IEC devices directly accelerate their fuel to fusion conditions, thereby avoiding energy losses seen during the longer heating stages of MCF devices. In theory, this makes them more suitable for using alternative aneutronic fusion fuels, which offer a number of major practical benefits and makes IEC devices one of the more widely studied approaches to fusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Z-pinch</span> Plasma compressor and nuclear fusion system

In fusion power research, the Z-pinch is a type of plasma confinement system that uses an electric current in the plasma to generate a magnetic field that compresses it. These systems were originally referred to simply as pinch or Bennett pinch, but the introduction of the θ-pinch concept led to the need for clearer, more precise terminology.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic confinement fusion</span> Approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion using magnetic fields

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Field-reversed configuration</span> Magnetic confinement fusion reactor

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZETA (fusion reactor)</span> Experimental fusion reactor in the United Kingdom

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinch (plasma physics)</span> Compression of an electrically conducting filament by magnetic forces

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theta pinch</span> Fusion power reactor design

Theta-pinch, or θ-pinch, is a type of fusion power reactor design. The name refers to the configuration of currents used to confine the plasma fuel in the reactor, arranged to run around a cylinder in the direction normally denoted as theta in polar coordinate diagrams. The name was chosen to differentiate it from machines based on the pinch effect that arranged their currents running down the centre of the cylinder; these became known as z-pinch machines, referring to the Z-axis in cartesian coordinates.

References

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  39. ↑ Center. CENPA Seminar - Yue Zhang - Sustained Neutron Production from a Sheared-Flow-Stabilized Z Pinch. YouTube. Published online August 12, 2019. Accessed March 25, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b21pxLKnQ30
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