The politics of Mongolia takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential multi-party representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the prime minister, who is the head of government, and the Cabinet. The president is the head of state, but holds limited authority over the executive branch of the government, unlike full presidential republics like the United States. Legislative power is vested in parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The Mongolian People's Party (MPP) is a social democratic political party in Mongolia. It was founded as a communist party in 1920 by Mongolian revolutionaries and is the oldest political party in Mongolia. The party played an important role in the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, which was inspired by the Bolsheviks' October Revolution. Following independence, it governed Mongolia as a one-party socialist state. The party changed its name to the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) and joined the Communist International in 1924 and served as a sole-ruling party of the Mongolian People's Republic.
Mongolia elects its head of state—the President of Mongolia—at the national level. The president is elected for a six-year term by the people, using the Two-round system. The State Great Khural has 76 members, originally elected for a four-year term from single-seat constituencies. Due to the voting system, Mongolia experienced extreme shifts in the composition of the parliament after the 1996, 2000, and 2004 elections, so it has changed to a more proportional system in which some seats are filled on the basis of votes for local candidates, and some on the basis of nationwide party preference totals. Beginning in 2008, local candidates were elected from 26 electoral districts. Beginning with the 2012 elections, a parallel system was enacted, combining a district part and a nationwide proportional part. 48 seats are chosen at the local level in 26 districts with 1-3 seats using Plurality-at-large voting. 28 seats are chosen from nationwide closed party lists using the Largest remainder method. In the district seats, a candidate is required to get at least 28% of the vote cast in a district to be elected. If there are seats that are not filled due to this threshold, a runoff election is held in the respective district with twice the number of representatives as there are seats to be filled, between the top vote-getters of the first round.
Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan was the prime minister of Mongolia from July 7, 1996 to April 23, 1998, the first in 80 years not belonging to the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
Miyegombyn Enkhbold is a Mongolian politician who was Prime Minister of Mongolia from January 2006 to November 2007 and Deputy Prime Minister from 2007 to 2012. He has been Chairman of the State Great Khural, the Mongolian parliament,from 2016 to 2019.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 29 June 2008. A total of 356 candidates ran for the 76 seats in the State Great Khural. According to official results published on 14 July, at least 39 seats were won by the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), and at least 25 seats by the main opposition party, the Democrats (DP). Ten seats remained subject to possible recounts.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia in 1990. The State Great Khural was elected on 22 June 1990, with a second round on 29 June, at which time the Little Khural, the new second chamber, was also elected.
The Mongolian Revolution of 1990, known in Mongolia as the 1990 Democratic Revolution, was a peaceful democratic revolution which led to the country's transition to a multi-party system. It was inspired by the economic reforms of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and was one of the many revolutions of 1989. It was led mostly by young demonstrators who rallied at Sükhbaatar Square, in the capital city Ulaanbaatar. The main organisers of the demonstrations included Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Erdeniin Bat-Üül, Davaadorjiin Ganbold, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 10 June 1951. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 176 of the 294 seats, with the remaining 118 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 99.9%.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 16 June 1957. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 178 of the 233 seats, with the remaining 55 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 32 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 19 June 1960. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 207 of the 267 seats, with the remaining 60 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 83 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 9 June 1963. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 216 of the 270 seats, with the remaining 54 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 13 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 26 June 1966. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 234 of the 287 seats, with the remaining 53 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 14 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 22 June 1969. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 252 of the 297 seats, with the remaining 45 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 15 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 24 June 1973. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 282 of the 336 seats, with the remaining 54 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 39 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 19 June 1977. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 328 of the 354 seats, with the remaining 26 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only one of the 694,855 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 21 June 1981. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 344 of the 370 seats, with the remaining 26 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only five of the 792,896 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 22 June 1986. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 346 of the 370 seats, with the remaining 24 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only ten of the 929,403 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.
The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party was a political party in Mongolia which was founded in 2010 by Nambaryn Enkhbayar. The party received approval to use the Mongolian People's Party's old name by the Supreme Court of Mongolia. Enkhbayar, former chairman of the original MPRP and a former President of Mongolia, was the party's leader. It merged back into the Mongolian People's Party in 2021.
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 29 June 2016. The governing Democratic Party lost to a landslide victory of the Mongolian People's Party, retaining only 9 of 76 seats in the Great Khural. While they just lost under 2% of the popular vote, a new electoral law passed by the Democratic Party itself when in Government to promote two-party politics, together with a 14% rise of the MPP, ended up making them lose 25 of 34 seats. As a result, the MPP secured a supermajority with 65 of 76 seats.
