366th Bombardment Squadron

366th Bombardment Squadron
Alert crew of a B-58 Hustler scrambling
Active	1942–1946; 1947–1948; 1951–1970
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Role	Bombardment
Engagements	European Theater of Operations [1]
Decorations	Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award [1]
Insignia
366th Bombardment Squadron emblem [lower-alpha 1] [1]
World War II fuselage code [2]	KY

The 366th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was first activated in March 1942. After training with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers in the United States, the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The squadron was twice awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat actions. Following V-E Day, it moved to the continent of Europe and engaged in photographic mapping until inactivating in December 1946.

The squadron was briefly active on paper from 1947 to 1949. It was activated again in 1951 as a strategic bomber unit, flying Boeing B-47 Stratojets. In 1949, it moved to Indiana, where it converted to the Convair B-58 Hustler. It was inactivated in 1970, when the Hustler was phased out of service.

History

World War II

Initial organization and training

The squadron was first activated at Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah on 1 March 1942 as one of the original squadrons of the 305th Bombardment Group. ^{[3] [4]} and began training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In June, it moved to Geiger Field, Washington, and in July, to Muroc Army Air Field, California for more intensive training. ^{[1] [5]} On 23 August, its ground echelon left for Fort Dix, New Jersey and sailed for the European Theater of Operations on the RMS Queen Mary on 5 September, landing in Scotland on 12 September. The air echelon received additional training at Hancock Field, New York, before taking the North Atlantic ferrying route to Prestwick in September and October. ^[5]

Combat in Europe

Squadron B-17G on a combat mission

The ground echelon arrived at RAF Grafton Underwood in September. The squadron flew its first mission on 17 November 1942. ^[5] In December it moved to RAF Chelveston, which would be its combat station for the remainder of the war. ^[1]

The squadron primarily engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It attacked targets in Belgium, France and Germany, including Kriegsmarine targets such as submarine pens, docks, harbors and shipyards. This included the attack on the naval yards at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943, when heavy bombers of VIII Bomber Command made their first combat strike in German airspace. ^[4]

It also attacked automotive factories and marshalling yards on the continent. On 4 April 1943, it made a precision strike on the Renault automotive factory in Paris in the face of devastating fighter attacks by an estimated 50 to 75 Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, which attacked the squadron's formation for fifty minutes, ^[6] and heavy flak, ^{[lower-alpha 3]} for which it was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). Missions included attacks on Berlin, oil refineries at Merseburg, aircraft factories at Anklam, shipping at Gdynia and the ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt. ^[4]

On 11 January 1944, the squadron participated in an attack on an aircraft plant in central Germany, near Brunswick. Extensive cloud cover had resulted in the recall of two of the three bombardment divisions involved in the mission and made the rendezvous of the fighter groups scheduled to provide cover in the target area difficult. In contrast, clear weather to the east of the target permitted the Germans to assemble one of the largest fighter formations since October 1943, with 207 enemy fighters making contact with the strike force. For this mission, it was awarded a second DUC. Between 20 and 25 February 1944, it took part in Big Week, the intensive campaign by Eighth Air Force against the German aircraft manufacturing industry. ^{[4] [7]}

The squadron was occasionally diverted from its strategic mission to carry out interdiction and air support missions. Prior to Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, it helped neutralize enemy forces with attacks on airfields, V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch facilities and repair shops. On D Day, it struck enemy strongholds near the landing beaches. In July 1944 it attacked enemy positions in advance of ground forces in Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo. It attacked antiaircraft batteries to support Operation Market Garden, the airborne attacks near Arnhem attempting to secure a bridgehead across the Rhine. In December 1944 and January 1945, it attacked enemy installations near the Battle of the Bulge. In March 1945, it supported Operation Varsity, airborne assault across the Rhine in Germany. ^[4]

The squadron flew its last combat mission on 25 April 1945. ^[4] Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Sint-Truiden Airfield in Belgium, from which it conducted photographic mapping flights over Europe and North Africa which came under the name Project Casey Jones. On 15 December 1945 it became part of the occupation force, when it moved to Lechfeld Airfield, Germany which it had bombed on 18 March 1944, and which it now used as an occupation base. ^[5] The squadron was reduced in both personnel and equipment during 1946, and by the end of October, it had stopped all operations. ^[5] It was inactivated on 25 December 1946. ^[1]

Strategic Air Command

The squadron was reactivated under Strategic Air Command (SAC) in 1951 with Boeing B-47 Stratojet medium jet bombers, originally B-47As,then B-47Bs. It began flying operational strategic bombardment and refueling missions from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. In 1955, SAC upgraded the squadron to the B-47E, the major production version of the Stratojet. The squadron, still with B-47s, moved to Bunker Hill Air Force Base, Indiana in May 1959.^{[ citation needed ]}

B-58 operations

The squadron began training crews on the Convair B-58 Hustler in 1961, replacing its Stratojets. The squadron also was equipped with training models of the Hustler. ^[1]

At the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Only six B-58s in the entire SAC inventory were on alert. Even these aircraft were "second cycle" (follow on) sorties. Training was suspended, and the squadron, along with SAC's other B-58 squadrons, began placing its bombers on alert. By the first week of November, 84 B-58s were standing nuclear alert, and as SAC redeployed its Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, 20 of these were "first cycle" sorties. ^{[lower-alpha 4]} Within a short time, this grew to 41 bombers. By 20 November, SAC resumed its normal alert posture, and half the squadron's aircraft were kept on alert. ^{[8] [9]}

In December 1965, Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense announced a phaseout program that would further reduce SAC’s bomber force. This program called for the mid-1971 retirement of all B-58s and some Boeing B-52 Stratofortress models. ^[10] With the removal of the B-58 from SAC's bomber force, the squadron was inactivated in January 1970.

Lineage

• Constituted as the 366th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 June 1942

Activated on 1 March 1942

• Redesignated 366th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943

Inactivated on 25 December 1946

• Redesignated 366th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 11 June 1947

Activated on 1 July 1947

Inactivated on 6 September 1948

• Redesignated 366th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 20 December 1950

Activated on 2 January 1951 ^[11]

Inactivated on 1 January 1970

Assignments

• 305th Bombardment Group, 1 March 1942 – 25 December 1946
• 305th Bombardment Group, 1 Jul 1947 – 6 Sep 1948
• 305th Bombardment Group, 2 January 1951 (attached to 305th Bombardment Wing after 10 February 1951) ^[12]
• 305th Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 1 January 1970 ^{[13] [12]}

Stations

Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah, 1 March 1942 Geiger Field, Washington, 11 June 1942 Muroc Army Air Field, California, 4 July 1942 Fort Dix Army Air Base, New Jersey, 29 August-4 September 1942 RAF Grafton Underwood (AAF-106), [14] England, 13 September 1942 RAF Chelveston (AAF-105), [14] England, 11 December 1942

Sint-Truiden Airfield (A-92), [15] Belgium, 25 July 1945 AAF Station Lechfeld (R-71), [16] Germany, 19 December 1945 – 25 December 1946 Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base), Maryland, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948 MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, 2 January 1951 Bunker Hill Air Force Base (later Grissom Air Force Base), Indiana, 1 June 1959 – 1 January 1970 [17] [18]

Aircraft

• Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1946
• Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1951-1953
• Boeing B-47A Stratojet, 1952-1953
• Boeing B-47B Stratojet, 1953–1955
• Boeing B-47E Stratojet, 1955–1961
• Convair B-58 Hustler, 1961–1970 ^{[11] [19]}

References

• World War II portal

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. Approved 17 July 1944. Description: A yellow orange disc within a grayed blue annulet, piped back and bordered orange, surmounted by a white death's head with stylized wings of the sane, shaded blue, above a red aerial bomb, falling to dexter base, all casting deep drop shadow black.
2. Aircraft is Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress, serial 42-102964, Miss Yvonne, fuselage code KY-G. This plane was transferred to the 351st Bombardment Group It survived the war and was scrapped in July 1946.
3. Maurer describes the flak as heavy, but Freeman describes it as light, at least until the unit reached its target.
4. The availability of KC-135s to refuel the B-58s was the main factor in relegating them to the second cycle of the war plan. KC-135s were primarily dedicated to refueling B-52s. See Kipp et al. p. 30 and following for SAC bomber actions during the Cuban Crisis.

Citations

1. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp.452-453
2. Watkins, p. 54
3. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 450-453, 517-518
4. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 177-179
5. Freeman, pp. 247-248
6. Freeman, p. 29
7. Freeman, pp. 104-106
8. Kipp et al. , pp. 57-58, 61
9. "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
10. Knaack, p. 248 n.41
11. Lineage information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp.452-453.
12. Ravenstein, pp. 150-151
13. Assignment information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp.452-453, except as noted.
14. Station number in Anderson, p.19.
15. Station number in Johnson, p. 23.
16. Station number in Johnson, p. 40.
17. Station information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp.452-453, except as noted.
18. See Ravenstein, pp. 150-151 (assignment to 305th Wing while wing at Grissom).
19. See Ravenstein, pp. 150-151 (305th aircraft).

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN   978-0-87938-638-2.
• Kipp, Robert; Peake, Lynn; Wolk, Herman. "Strategic Air Command Operations in the Cuban Crisis of 1962, SAC Historical Study No. 90 (Top Secret NOFORN, FRD, redacted and declassified)". Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
• Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-59-5.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-02-1. LCCN   61060979 . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-405-12194-6. LCCN   70605402. OCLC   72556.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-12-9 . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN   978-0-7643-1987-7.