Cytochromes P450 are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In 1963, Estabrook, Cooper, and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.
Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin. These proteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including removal of radicals contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and DNA repair. The flavoproteins are some of the most-studied families of enzymes.
In enzymology, a taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.99.37) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a taxane 10beta-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.76) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a taxane 13alpha-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.77) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a copalyl diphosphate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
The enzyme abieta-7,13-diene synthase catalyzes the chemical reaction
(+)-Costunolide is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, first isolated in Saussurea costus roots in 1960. It is also found in lettuce.
Levopimaric acid is an abietane-type of diterpene resin acid. It is a major constituent of pine oleoresin with the chemical formula of C20H30O2. In general, the abietene types of diterpene resin acid have various biological activities, such as antibacterial, cardiovascular and antioxidant. Levopimaric acid accounts for about 18 to 25% of pine oleoresin. The production of oleoresin by conifer species is an important component of the defense response against insect attack and fungal pathogen infection.
Germacrene A alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.314) is an enzyme with systematic name germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Fatty-acid peroxygenase is an enzyme with systematic name fatty acid:hydroperoxide oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Abieta-7,13-diene hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.108) is an enzyme with systematic name abieta-7,13-diene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.109, CYP720B1, PTAO) is an enzyme with systematic name abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Germacrene A hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.123) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-germacrene-A,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Taxoid 14beta-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.146) is an enzyme with systematic name 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl-acetate,NADPH:oxygen 14-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Colneleate synthase (EC 4.2.1.121, 9-divinyl ether synthase, 9-DES, CYP74D, CYP74D1, CYP74 cytochrome P-450, DES1) is an enzyme with systematic name (8E)-9-((1E,3E)-nona-1,3-dien-1-yloxy)non-8-enoate synthase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(+)-Car-3-ene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-car-3-ene-forming]. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(–)-α-Pinene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-α-pinene-forming]. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(–)-β-Pinene synthase (EC 4.2.3.120, β-geraniolene synthase, (–)-(1S,5S)-pinene synthase, geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase (pinene forming)) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-β-pinene-forming]. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
