George Orwell's 1949 dystopian political novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , has been adapted for the cinema, radio, television, theatre, opera and ballet.
Me and the Big Guy is a 1999 short film by Matt Nix that parodies Nineteen Eighty-Four.
In November 2022 it was announced that the feature-length adaptation by Finnish director Diana Ringo was filmed and will be released in 2023. The film is co-produced with Russia and is the first Russian language adaptation of the novel. [1] [2] [3] The film 1984 was released on 15 November 2023.
In March 2012 it was announced that a consortium of Hollywood production companies including Imagine Entertainment was set to reboot and make a new feature film based on the novel. [4] [5] Reportedly the consortium secured rights from Orwell's estate. However, no further developments were revealed for some time. In November 2015, Paul Greengrass was attached to direct with Scott Rudin and Gina Rosenblum producing and James Graham writing the screenplay. Rudin and Greengrass had also previously worked together on Captain Phillips . Michael De Luca would oversee production of this version of 1984 film for the studio. [6]
In 2017, Graham began a rewrite of the film in response to the 2016 United States presidential election and Donald Trump's presidency, which had increased interest in the book. He claimed that the film would be released by 2019. [7] [8]
In 2020, Graham confirmed that the project had been postponed after they had difficulty writing a script:
"Paul and I got very excited about it and then [we realized] it’s a difficult project. The book is just so bloody perfect, we started going: 'Let’s just pause for a second.' The world of surveillance and tech moves on so quickly, we just needed to have a broader view of it." [9]
The first television version of Nineteen Eighty-Four appeared in CBS's Studio One series in 1953. In it American actor Eddie Albert played Winston Smith and Canadian Lorne Greene played O'Brien. [10]
The second television version was adapted by Nigel Kneale for the BBC as a Sunday-Night Play in 1954 featuring Peter Cushing as Smith, André Morell as O'Brien, Yvonne Mitchell as Julia and Donald Pleasence as Syme.
Kneale's 1954 adaptation was produced again by the BBC, with some modifications in 1965, directed by Christopher Morahan. Starring David Buck, Joseph O'Conor, Jane Merrow and Cyril Shaps, it was broadcast in BBC2's Theatre 625 anthology series as part of a season of Orwell adaptations sub-titled The World of George Orwell, on 28 November 1965. Long believed lost, on 12 September 2010 it was announced in the media that a copy had been located at the American Library of Congress, although an approximately seven-minute segment in the middle was damaged and irrecoverable from the NTSC videotape. It was found amongst a hoard of over 80 lost British television episodes dating from 1957 to 1970.
The first radio broadcast of Nineteen Eighty-Four was a one-hour adaptation transmitted by the United States' NBC radio network at 9pm. on August 27, 1949 as number 55 in the series NBC University Theater, which adapted the world's great novels for broadcast; it starred David Niven as Smith.[ citation needed ]
Another broadcast on the NBC radio network was made by The Theatre Guild on The Air on Sunday April 26, 1953 for The United States Steel Hour starring Richard Widmark as Smith, Marian Seldes as Julia and Alan Hewitt as O'Brien. [11]
In November, the CBC broadcast a 90-minute adaptation written by Melwyn Breen and directed by Esse Ljungh as an episode of its CBC Wednesday Night program. The production featured Bill Needles as Winston Smith, Budd Knapp as Big Brother, Kate Reid as Julia, Frank Peddie as Charington, and Paul Kligman. In April 1954, it won an Ohio State Award at the 18th American Exhibition of Educational Radio-Television Programs for "powerful and significant drama, superbly presented ... an accurate, gripping projection of a book which hereby gains a vastly wider audience." [12]
Vincent Price starred in an Australian radio adaptation produced on the Lux Radio Theatre by the Major Broadcasting Network in Sydney, Australia. [13]
In the United Kingdom, the BBC Home Service produced a 90-minute version with Patrick Troughton as Smith and Sylvia Syms as Julia, first broadcast on October 11, 1965.
A three-part adaptation by Stuart Evans broadcast on BBC Radio 4 8–22 November 1967, with Alan Wheatley as the Narrator, Gary Watson as Smith, Diana Olsson as Julia and Kevin Flood as O'Brien. [14]
Between January 2 and February 7, 1975, the book was read over the air in its entirety by blacklisted writer and Pacifica Radio host Charles Morgan and legendary voiceover artist June Foray, with bridge music and some sound effects. [15] On June 27, 2017, the original recordings were simultaneously rebroadcast in a 15-hour marathon over all five Pacifica-owned stations. [16] [17]
As part of the Book at Bedtime series, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an abridged reading by Kenneth Haigh of the novel in fifteen parts from 2–20 January 1984. [18]
In April and May 2005, BBC Radio 2 broadcast an abridged reading by Corin Redgrave of the novel in eight weekly parts. [19]
As part of the 2013 The Real George Orwell season, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a two-part adaptation starring Christopher Eccleston as Smith, Pippa Nixon as Julia and Tim Pigott-Smith as O'Brien on February 10 and 17.
In 2024 it was announced that Audible will release an audiobook adaptation of the novel. [20] Adapted by playwright Joe White, it stars Andrew Garfield as Smith, Tom Hardy as Big Brother, Cynthia Erivo as Julia, Andrew Scott as O'Brien, Romesh Ranganathan as Parsons, Natasia Demetriou as Mrs. Parsons, Chukwudi Iwuji as Charrington, and Francesca Mills as Syme, with Katie Leung and Alex Lawther in supporting roles. It was directed by Destiny Ekaragha and features a score by Matt Bellamy and Ilan Eshkeri, performed by a 60 piece orchestra at Abbey Road Studios.
The novel has been adapted for the stage several times, including by playwrights Alan Lyddiard and Michael Gene Sullivan. In 1976, a theater version of 1984 was produced in Teatar &TD, from Zagreb, former Yugoslavia. The performance, which also included CCTV monitoring system, was adapted and directed by Nenad Puhovski. It created some political controversies, but was never banned. [21]
A 2013 adaptation by Robert Icke and Duncan MacMillan for the Headlong Theatre Company, which took the novel's Newspeak appendix as its starting point, has toured the UK extensively, as well as played commercially in the West End. A Broadway production began previews 18 May and opened on 22 June 2017 at the Hudson Theatre [22] running until 8 October for 125 performances, [23] while an Australian production began a six-city limited tour from 13 May 2017. [24]
Theater composer Jonathan Larson began writing a musical adaptation of Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1982, as his first attempt at writing a full-length musical. Although the Orwell estate was reportedly interested, they ultimately denied him the rights due to the then-upcoming film adaptation. Instead, Larson focused on a similar dystopian musical titled Superbia , which used some of the cut songs from his 1984, although it also went unproduced. Songs from Superbia, including ones originally written for Larson's 1984, have been released over the years and are featured prominently in the autobiographical musical Tick, Tick… Boom! and its film adaptation. [25] [26] : 42–43
A new stage adaptation by Ryan Craig and directed by Lindsay Posner will open at the Theatre Royal, Bath in September 2024 before embarking on a UK tour. [27]
The opera 1984 was composed by Lorin Maazel and directed by Robert Lepage. The libretto is by Tom Meehan, who worked on The Producers , and JD McClatchy, professor of poetry at Yale University. The opera premiered on 3 May 2005 at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.[ citation needed ]
In 2015 Leeds-based Northern Ballet commissioned choreographer Jonathan Watkins to create a ballet version of the George Orwell novel. [28] In 2016 the ballet was filmed for television and streaming online by The Space [29] and it was broadcast on BBC Four on 28 February 2016. [30] Music for the production was by Alex Baranowski, sets & costume designs were by Simon Daw, and lighting was by Chris Davey [31] (which was nominated for a Knights of Theatre Award). [32]
Big Brother is a character and symbol in George Orwell's dystopian 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party, Ingsoc, wields total power "for its own sake" over the inhabitants.
Nineteen Eighty-Four is a British television adaptation of the 1949 novel of the same name by George Orwell, originally broadcast on BBC Television in December 1954. The production proved to be hugely controversial, with questions asked in Parliament and many viewer complaints over its supposed subversive nature and horrific content. It starred Peter Cushing, Yvonne Mitchell, Donald Pleasence and André Morell.
Rudolph Cartier was an Austrian television director, filmmaker, screenwriter and producer who worked predominantly in British television, exclusively for the BBC. He is best known for his 1950s collaborations with screenwriter Nigel Kneale, most notably the Quatermass serials and their 1954 adaptation of George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Yvonne Mitchell was an English actress and author. After beginning her acting career in theatre, Mitchell progressed to films in the late 1940s. Her roles include Julia in the 1954 BBC adaptation of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. She retired from acting in 1977.
Theatre 625 is a British television drama anthology series, produced by the BBC and transmitted on BBC2 from 1964 to 1968. It was one of the first regular programmes in the line-up of the channel, and the title referred to its production and transmission being in the higher-definition 625-line format, which only BBC2 used at the time.
In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) by George Orwell, the Two Minutes Hate is the daily period during which members of the Outer and Inner Party of Oceania must watch a film depicting Emmanuel Goldstein, the principal enemy of the state, and his followers, the Brotherhood, and loudly voice their hatred for the enemy and then their love for Big Brother.
Suzanna Hamilton is an English actress, notable for playing the role of Julia in the 1984 film adaptation of George Orwell's classic novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, as well as other film roles including Tess (1979), Brimstone and Treacle (1982), Wetherby (1985), and Out of Africa (1985). She has had numerous television roles such as the ITV drama Wish Me Luck (1988), the BBC medical drama Casualty (1993–94), and the STV drama McCallum (1995–97).
1984 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1984th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 984th year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1980s decade.
Michael James Radford is an English film director and screenwriter. He began his career as a documentary director and television comedy writer before transitioning into features in the early 1980s.
Julia is a fictional character in George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Her last name is not revealed in the novel, but she is called Dixon in the 1954 BBC TV production and Worthing in the Sandra Newman novel.
1984 is a 1956 British black-and-white science fiction film, based on the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, depicting a totalitarian future of a dystopian society. The film followed a previous Westinghouse Studio One adaptation and a BBC-TV made-for-TV adaptation. 1984 was directed by Michael Anderson and starring Edmond O'Brien as protagonist Winston Smith, and featured Donald Pleasence, Jan Sterling, and Michael Redgrave.
Studio One is an American anthology drama television series that was adapted from a radio series. It was created in 1947 by Canadian director Fletcher Markle, who came to CBS from the CBC. It premiered on November 7, 1948, and ended on September 29, 1958, with a total of 467 episodes over the course of 10 seasons.
References to George Orwell's 1949 dystopian political novel Nineteen Eighty-Four themes, concepts and plot elements are also frequent in other works, particularly popular music and video entertainment. While the novel is technically public domain under United Kingdom copyright, it is still copyrighted in the United States and as such most uses of it are as non-infringing metaphors.
"1984" is an episode of the American television series Westinghouse Studio One broadcast September 21, 1953, on CBS. Starring Eddie Albert, Norma Crane and Lorne Greene, it was the first adaptation of George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Nineteen Eighty-Four is a 1984 dystopian film written and directed by Michael Radford, based upon George Orwell's 1949 novel. Starring John Hurt, Richard Burton, Suzanna Hamilton, and Cyril Cusack, the film follows the life of Winston Smith (Hurt), a low-ranking civil servant in a war-torn London ruled by Oceania, a totalitarian superstate. Smith struggles to maintain his sanity and his grip on reality as the regime's overwhelming power and influence persecutes individualism and individual thinking on both a political and personal level.
Winston Smith is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's dystopian 1949 novel also being born in 1945-46 according to the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. The character was employed by Orwell as an everyman in the setting of the novel, a "central eye ... [the reader] can readily identify with."
Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel and cautionary tale by English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and repressive regimentation of people and behaviours within society. Orwell, a staunch believer in democratic socialism and member of the anti-Stalinist Left, modelled the Britain under authoritarian socialism in the novel on the Soviet Union in the era of Stalinism and on the very similar practices of both censorship and propaganda in Nazi Germany. More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within societies and the ways in which they can be manipulated.
O'Brien is a fictional character and the main antagonist in George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The protagonist Winston Smith, living in a dystopian society governed by the Party, feels strangely drawn to Inner Party member O'Brien. Orwell never reveals O'Brien's first name. The name indicates that O'Brien is of Irish origin, but this background is never shown to have any significance.
The Ministry of Truth, the Ministry of Peace, the Ministry of Love, and the Ministry of Plenty are the four ministries of the government of Oceania in the 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell.
The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy: they are deliberate exercises in doublethink.
Duncan Macmillan is an English playwright and director. He is most noted for his plays Lungs, People, Places and Things, Every Brilliant Thing, and the stage adaptation of the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which he co-adapted and co-directed with Robert Icke.
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