Aedes japonicus

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Aedes japonicus
CDC 7887 Ochlerotatus japonicus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Aedes
Subgenus: Hulecoeteomyia
Species:
A. japonicus
Binomial name
Aedes japonicus
(Theobald, 1901)

Aedes japonicus, commonly known as the Asian bush mosquito or the Asian rock pool mosquito, was first described by Theobald in 1901 from Tokyo, Japan. They are competent arbovirus vectors known to transmit the West Nile virus as well as Japanese and St. Louis encephalitis. [1] They are listed as an invasive species by the Global Invasive Species Database. [2]

Contents

Bionomics

Adults live in forested areas and are day biters, but are apparently reluctant to bite humans. [3] In the laboratory, they feed on chicks and mice but not on reptiles or amphibians. [3] Larvae occur in a wide variety of natural and artificial water retainers such as tree holes and rock holes, usually preferring shaded places and water rich in organic matter. They are found from early spring to early autumn in their native habitat of Central Japan. [3] They overwinter as eggs in cooler regions and larvae in warmer regions. [3]

Subspecies

There a four known subspecies:

Description

Adults have a distinctive bronze-colored, lyre-shaped pattern on the scutum, and larvae have a linear arrangement of branched frontal setae and a strongly spiculated anal saddle. [4]

Distribution

Aedes japonicus is native to Eastern Asia and can be found in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, and parts of Russia, China and the Korean Peninsula , additionally they have invaded and colonized North and South America as well as Europe. [5] [6] It was first recorded in New York and New Jersey in 1998, [7] and has been spotted as far west as Vancouver Island. [8] Its range is expected to eventually include much of North America, Central America, Europe, Asia, and parts of Hawaii. [5] [9] A distribution model developed for Germany predicted that A. japonicus will continue to expand across Germany even as the climate continues to change. [6] Another model that studied A. japonicus in North America predicted it to continue its invasion into the Southern United States with the possibility of reaching island nations such as Jamaica and Cuba. [5] Both models suggest that the invasion will likely be a rapid affair. [5] [6]  

Habitat

Larval habitats are often established in rock pools near streams as well as container habitats that provide adequate moisture such as buckets, tree holes, and the insides of tires. [10] Their large variety of colonizable habitats has been shown to negatively impact native species through displacement, competition, and disease spreading capabilities. [11] Adult mosquitoes prefer temperate climates with mortality rates rising around 28°C (82.5°F) and can survive cold conditions by entering diapause in the egg stage. [6] [12]

Life cycle

Aedes japonicus are multivoltine and oviposit 2 – 3 times per gonotrophic cycle, producing a mean of 114 ± 51 eggs per female. [13] The eggs are resistant to desiccation and if temperatures are low then the eggs will enter the prediapause stage where its responsive to environmental based cues that cause it to enter diapause at the pharate first instar. [12] In Northern Europe diapause is indispensable to survive cold winter temperatures; 50% of eggs enter in diapause by the end of summer, leading to an average calculated maternal critical photoperiod of 13 h. [14] Larvae of A. japonicus are active as soon as early spring in snowy spring waters, notably the only mosquito to do so and is likely key to their invasive success. [9]

Medical importance

Because A. japonicus have the ability to transfer arboviruses they have quickly become of medical import and a public health concern. [1] [15] They are capable of experimental transmission of West Nile virus and is considered to be an active vector of West Nile virus disease with its associated syndromes. [3] Its interactions with other known disease vectors give it the potential to influence the ecology of other vector-borne diseases. [9] Research has shown that Japanese Encephalitis Virus and West Nile virus have different infection rates depending on genetic background of the mosquito. [15] A possible way to reduce both the invasiveness and health concern that they pose is to implement a biocontrol through parasitic water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidae). [16] The mites have been shown to reduce fecundity and thus may represent a way to reduce mosquito populations. [16]

Related Research Articles

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Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word mosquito is Spanish and Portuguese for little fly. Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts. All mosquitoes drink nectar from flowers; females of some species have in addition adapted to drink blood. Evolutionary biologists view mosquitoes as micropredators, small animals that parasitise larger ones by drinking their blood without immediately killing them. Medical parasitologists view mosquitoes instead as vectors of disease, carrying protozoan parasites or bacterial or viral pathogens from one host to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Nile fever</span> Human disease caused by West Nile virus infection

West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. In about 80% of infections people have few or no symptoms. About 20% of people develop a fever, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people, encephalitis or meningitis occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the nervous system is affected is about 10 percent.

<i>Aedes albopictus</i> Species of mosquito

Aedes albopictus, from the mosquito (Culicidae) family, also known as the (Asian) tiger mosquito or forest mosquito, is a mosquito native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. In the past few centuries, however, this species has spread to many countries through the transport of goods and international travel. It is characterized by the white bands on its legs and body.

<i>Aedes</i> Genus of mosquitoes

Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: Aedes albopictus, a particularly invasive species, was spread to the Americas, including the United States, in the 1980s, by the used-tire trade.

<i>Aedes aegypti</i> Species of mosquito

Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. This mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world.

<i>Culex pipiens</i> Species of fly

Culex pipiens is a species of mosquito commonly referred to as the common house mosquito or northern house mosquito, as it is the most common mosquito to the northern regions of the US. They can be found in both urban and suburban temperate and tropical regions across the world.

<i>Culex restuans</i> Species of fly

Culex restuans is a species of mosquito known to occur in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Bahamas. It is a disease vector for St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. In 2013 West Nile Virus positive specimens were collected in Southern California.

<i>Aedes vexans</i> Species of fly

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito-borne disease</span> Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes

Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. Nearly 700 million people contract mosquito-borne illnesses each year, resulting in more than a million deaths.

<i>Aedes triseriatus</i> Species of mosquito

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<i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> Species of fly

Culex quinquefasciatus, commonly known as the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including St. Louis encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. It is taxonomically regarded as a member of the Culex pipiens species complex. Its genome was sequenced in 2010, and was shown to have 18,883 protein-coding genes.

<i>Aedes pembaensis</i> Species of fly

Aedes pembaensis is a mosquito.

<i>Aedes canadensis</i> Species of fly

Aedes canadensis, the woodland pool mosquito, is an aggressive, day biting mosquito that can be a vector of a number of diseases which is found mainly in eastern North America.

Aedes africanus is a species of mosquito that is found on the continent of Africa with the exclusion of Madagascar. Aedes aegypti and Aedes africanus are the two main yellow fever vector species in Zambia. Aedes africanus is mainly found in tropical forests not near wetlands.

Aedes bahamensis, also known as Howardina bahamensis, is a mosquito native to the Caribbean and Bahamas, which was first discovered in two counties of southern Florida in 1986,. The females of the species do not require a blood meal to produce eggs, although they will bite if starved of nectar or in order to produce a second brood. They are thought to be capable of transmitting St. Louis encephalitis.

<i>Aedes koreicus</i> Species of fly

Aedes koreicus, the Korean bush mosquito is a species of mosquito in the genus Aedes. The adults are relatively large with a black and white pattern on their legs and other body parts. Clear longitudinal lines on the dorsal part of the thorax distinguish it from Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The species bears close morphological, ecological, and genetic similarity to the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, but can be physically distinguished by a pale basal band on the hind tarsomere.

<i>Culex nigripalpus</i> Species of mosquito

Culex nigripalpus is a species of medium-sized, dark, blood-feeding mosquito of the family Culicidae.

<i>Aedes taeniorhynchus</i> Species of fly

Aedes taeniorhynchus, or the black salt marsh mosquito, is a mosquito in the family Culicidae. It is a carrier for encephalitic viruses including Venezuelan equine encephalitis and can transmit Dirofilaria immitis. It resides in the Americas and is known to bite mammals, reptiles, and birds. Like other mosquitoes, Ae. taeniorhynchus adults survive on a combination diet of blood and sugar, with females generally requiring a blood meal before laying eggs.

<i>Aedes scapularis</i> Species of insect

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References

  1. 1 2 Bock, F., Kuch, U., Pfenninger, M., and Muller, R. (2015). "Standardized Laboratory Feeding of Larval Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)". J. Insect Sci. 15: 144–150. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iev126. PMC   4626676 . PMID   26452522.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Thomas V. Gaffigan, Richard C. Wilkerson, James E. Pecor, Judith A. Stoffer and Thomas Anderson: "Aedes (Fin.) japonicus" in Systematic Catalog of Culicidae, Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, http://www.wrbu.org/SpeciesPages_non-ANO/non-ANO_A-hab/AEjap_hab.html Archived 2016-03-21 at the Wayback Machine , accessed 16 Mar 2016.
  4. ↑ Kaufman, Michael G.; Fonseca, Dina M. (2014). "Invasion Biology of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)". Annual Review of Entomology. 59: 31–49. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162012. ISSN   0066-4170. PMC   4106299 . PMID   24397520.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Peach, Daniel A.H.; Almond, Max; Pol, Joshua C. (2019). "Modeled distributions of Aedes japonicus japonicus and Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America". Journal of Vector Ecology. 44 (1): 119–129. doi: 10.1111/jvec.12336 . ISSN   1081-1710. PMID   31124225.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Wieser, A., Reuss, F., Niamir, A., Muller, R., O'Hara, R.B., and Pfennigen, M. (2019). "Modelling Seasonal Dynamics, Population, Stability, and Pest Control in Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 142–153. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3366-2 . PMC   6434845 . PMID   30909930.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ E. L. Peyton, Scott R. Campbell, Thomas M. Candeletti, Michael Romanowski and Wayne J. Crans. 1999. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), A New Introduction into the United States. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15(2):238-241; https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_103746_aedesfinlayajaponicusjaponicus1999/JAMCA_V15_N2_P238-241_djvu.txt
  8. ↑ Peach, Daniel A. H. (2018). "An updated list of the mosquitoes of British Columbia with distribution notes". Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia. 115: 123–125.
  9. 1 2 3 Michael G. Kaufman and Dina M. Fonseca. 2014. Invasion Biology of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol., 59: 31–49; http://vectorbio.rutgers.edu/publications/Kaufman2014InvasionBiologyjaponicus.pdf.
  10. ↑ Kaufman, M.G., Stanuszek, W.W., Brouhard, E.A., Knepper, R.G., and Walker, E.D. (2012). "Establishment of Aedes japonicus japonicus and Its Colonization of Container Habitats in Michigan". J. Med. Entomol. 49 (6): 1307–1317. doi:10.1603/ME12061. PMC   4106292 . PMID   23270158.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Armistead, J.S., Nishimura, N., Arias, J.R., and Lounibos, L.P. (2012). "Community Ecology of Container Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Virginia Following Invasion by Aedes japonicus". J. Med. Entomol. 49 (6): 1318–1327. doi:10.1603/ME11261. PMC   3539167 . PMID   23270159.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. 1 2 Bova, J., Soghigian, J., and Paulson, S. (2019). "The Prediapause Stage of Aedes japonicus japonicus and the Evolution of Embryonic Diapause in Aedini". Insects. 10 (8): 222–230. doi: 10.3390/insects10080222 . PMC   6723955 . PMID   31349599.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Oliver, Joanne; Howard, John J. (2005). "Fecundity of Naturally Blood-Fed Ochlerotatus japonicus". J. Med. Entomol. 42 (3): 254–259. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/42.3.254 . PMID   15962772.
  14. ↑ Krupa, Eva; Henon, Nicolas; Mathieu, Bruno (2021). "Diapause characterisation and seasonality of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera, Culicidae) in the northeast of France". Parasite. 28: 45. doi:10.1051/parasite/2021045. ISSN   1776-1042. PMC   8152802 . PMID   34037519. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  15. 1 2 Huber, K., Jansen, S., Leggewie, M., Badusche, M., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Becker, N., Tannich, E., and Becker, S.C. (2014). "Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Germany Have Vector Competence for Japan Encephalitis Virus but are Refractory to Infection with West Nile Virus". Parasitol. Res. 113 (9): 3195–3199. doi:10.1007/s00436-014-3983-9. PMID   24948103. S2CID   253980008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. 1 2 Manges, A.B., Simmons, T.W., and Hutchinson, M.L. (2018). "First Record of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Second Record of Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) Parasitized by Water Mites (Acari: Hydrachnidiae) in North America". J. Med. Entomol. 55 (6): 1617–1621. doi:10.1093/jme/tjy105. PMID   30020480.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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