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Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus", a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are asexual and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota.
An ascocarp, or ascoma, is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia).
Pezizomycotina make up most of the Ascomycota fungi and include most lichenized fungi too. Pezizomycotina contains the filamentous ascomycetes and is a subdivision of the Ascomycota. It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota. These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding and this subdivision includes almost all the ascus fungi that have fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye.
The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes. Recent molecular studies suggest that the group is monophyletic and basal to the rest of the Ascomycota.
Pleosporomycetidae is a subclass of Dothideomycetes consisting of four orders: Pleosporales, Hysteriales, Mytilinidiales, and Jahnulales. One of its defining features is the presence of pseudoparaphyses. These are sterile cells extending down from the upper portion of the cavity inside sexual structures containing the sac-like asci with sexually produced spores (ascospores). Pseudoparaphyses are initially attached at both their ends, but sometimes the upper part may become free. Some orders and families where these cells are present remain outside the subclass since DNA based phylogenies cannot place them with confidence. However they could conceivably be included within Pleosporomycetidae in future.
The Hysteriaceae are a taxonomic family of fungi and the only extant family of the order Hysteriales. Members of the Hysteriaceae are defined by the possession of a sexual structure called the hysterothecium, an elongated structure that opens by a longitudinal slit and releases sexually produced spores. The family is widely distributed, with many species found in temperate regions, and most are saprobic on wood and bark, although a few are parasitic on plants.
The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.
Verrucariaceae is a family of lichens and a few non-lichenised fungi in the order Verrucariales. The lichens have a wide variety of thallus forms, from crustose (crust-like) to foliose (bushy) and squamulose (scaly). Most of them grow on land, some in freshwater and a few in the sea. Many are free-living but there are some species that are parasites on other lichens, while one marine species always lives together with a leafy green alga.
Lophiostoma is a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
Aquamarina is a fungal genus in the class Dothideomycetes. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single marine species Aquamarina speciosa, originally found in North Carolina, and distributed in the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The bluish-green species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of dying culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus.
The Lulworthiaceae are a family of marine fungi in the Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. Species in the family have a widespread distribution in both temperate and tropical oceans, and are typically found growing on submerged wood or on seaweed. In 2000, Molecular analysis of several species of Lulworthia and Lindra led to the reassignment of their parent genera to the new order Lulworthiales in addition to the new family Lulworthiaceae. In 2020, a large fungi study added more genera to the family.
Aliquandostipite is a genus of fungi in the family Aliquandostipitaceae. Species in the genus are saprobic, and grow on decaying wood in aquatic or moist environments. The type genus of the Aliquandostipitaceae, Aliquandostipite was first described by Patrik Inderbitzin and colleagues in 2001.
Patescospora is a genus of fungi in the Aliquandostipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Patescospora separans.
Acanthostigma is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi. Three new species were reported in 2010, growing from decomposing wood in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the United States.
The Jahnulales are an order of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes, subclass Pleosporomycetidae. They are ascomycetes that have stalked/stessile and dimorphic ascomata, hyphal stalk cells that are about 40 μm wide. It contains the families Aliquandostipitaceae, and Manglicolaceae.
Cryptocalicium is a single-species fungal genus of the order Eurotiomycetes that was circumscribed in 2021. It contains the species Cryptocalicium blascoi. Cryptocalicium is the only genus in the monotypic family Cryptocaliciaceae, the order Cryptocaliciales and the subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae.
Savoryellaceae is a family of aquatic based fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic order Savoryellales within the class Sordariomycetes, division Ascomycota.
Savoryella is a genus of freshwater and marine based fungi in the family Savoryellaceae and the order Savoryellales.
Torpedosporaceae is a monotypic family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on intertidal mangrove wood and roots, bark leaves, and sand in various marine habitats.
The Pyrenotrichaceae are a small family of fungi in the order Chaetothyriales. It contains two genera, and a total of six species. The genus Pyrenothrix has two species of bark- or leaf-dwelling lichens, while Neophaeococcomyces has four species of saprobic fungi.
References
- ↑ Krause, L.M.; Fiuza, P.O.; Barbosa, F.R. (2020). "Xylomyces (Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales) freshwater hyphomycetes from the Brazilian Amazon". Nova Hedwigia. 111 (1–2): 187–197. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0590.
- ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 Inderbitzin P, Landvik S, Abdel-Wahab MA, Berbee ML (2001). "Aliquandostipitaceae, a new family for two new tropical ascomycetes with unusually wide hyphae and dimorphic ascomata". American Journal of Botany. 88 (1): 52–61. doi: 10.2307/2657126 . JSTOR 2657126. PMID 11159126.
- 1 2 3 4 Pang KL, Abdel-Wahab MA, Sivichai S, El-Sharouney HM, Jones EBG (2002). "Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes". Mycological Research. 106 (part 9): 1031–42. doi:10.1017/S095375620200638X.
- ↑ Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
- ↑ Raja HA, Shearer CA (2006). "Jahnula species from North and Central America, including three new species". Mycologia. 98 (2): 319–32. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.2.319. PMID 16894977.