Anthony W. Case

Last updated

Anthony W. Case
Born1980 (age 43–44)
EducationB.S., University of Oregon
Ph.D., Boston University
Known forDesign of Solar Probe Cup on Parker Solar Probe
Scientific career
Fields Astrophysics
Institutions Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, BWX Technologies
Thesis Variations in the Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux at the Moon  (2010)
Doctoral advisor Dr. Harlan Spence
Website hea-www.harvard.edu/~acase/

Anthony W. Case (born 1980) is an American astrophysicist who has designed instruments to study the solar wind and cosmic rays on unmanned spacecraft. A native of Oregon, he earned his undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Oregon and a doctorate in astronomy at Boston University. [1] His research has focused on the measurement of atomic particles in space, and the instruments used for that purpose, particularly Faraday cups.

Contents

After college, Case worked at the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics for 13 years, where he has helped develop Faraday cups for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe (PSP), and the planned HelioSwarm, earning several awards from NASA. The Solar Probe Cup he helped build for the Parker Probe's SWEAP instruments was particularly challenging as it had to be able to resist extremely high temperatures since the probe has flown far closer to the Sun than any previous spacecraft, and the cup had to be constantly exposed to the sun in order to do its job. Data it collected has helped resolve the coronal heating problem that has puzzled astrophysicists for almost a century. Case is now employed in the private sector by BWX Technologies of Virginia. [2]

While a junior at Thurston High School in Springfield, Case was injured severely in a 1998 school shooting where two students were killed. One of the four gunshot wounds he suffered cut off the flow of blood to one of his feet temporarily, causing nerve damage. It took him a year to recover and ended his hopes of playing baseball in college. As a result, he pursued science instead. [1]

Early life

Case grew up in the area of Springfield, Oregon. [3] At Thurston he was a trombonist for the school's jazz band. He was also an athlete; by his junior year he pitched for the varsity baseball team, and was team co-captain. [1] [4]

1998 school shooting and aftermath

Visitors leaving flowers and balloons as a memorial at Thurston after the shooting Students at memorial fence following shooting at Thurston HS in Springfield, Oregon in May of 1998.jpg
Visitors leaving flowers and balloons as a memorial at Thurston after the shooting

On the morning of May 21, 1998, near the end of the school year, Case was in the school cafeteria passing out campaign buttons and flyers for a friend seeking to be elected student-body president. As he was doing so, a freshman, Kip Kinkel, having killed both his parents at their home the previous night, entered and began shooting at the 300 students present [5] with the two pistols and semi-automatic rifles he was carrying in the trenchcoat he was wearing. Case took cover under a table, but four of the 51 rounds Kinkel fired struck him anyway—three in the back and one in the leg. [1] [6]

Two students were killed and 24 others injured; Case did not realize the extent of his injuries until first responders found all the wounds. He was rushed to Sacred Heart Medical Center in nearby Eugene, where doctors found that in addition to the blood loss he had suffered, the bullet in his leg had become dislodged, causing further nerve and artery damage. They feared he might not survive, [1] [6] and that even if he did his leg might have to be amputated. [7] One surgeon said later that "he was dying before our eyes". [4]

Doctors had to first treat damage to Case's stomach and intestines, where bleeding was heavy due to 14 separate holes. Then they addressed another shot that had pierced both lungs. Only then could they turn to Case's right leg, where the bullet had pierced an artery and vein in the knee and the thigh above it, leaving the portion below without blood flow for a long time. A skin graft was necessary on the leg after the surgery, two days after the shooting. They were unsure whether he could fully recover, although Case believed he would be able to. [4]

The shooting, the latest of several at schools over the preceding 18 months, attracted national media attention due to Kinkel having opened fire in a crowded cafeteria with a semi-automatic rifle, suggesting more serious homicidal intent than the perpetrators of the previous shootings despite the minimal death toll. Life magazine ran a 10-page article about the aftermath illustrated in part by a photograph of Case in his hospital bed. Get-well cards came from across the country. [1]

After a week, Case was discharged. [1] He started regular physical therapy sessions, hoping eventually to resume his extracurricular activities, including baseball. "It's good to be making progress," he told a local newspaper, "[but] it's frustrating, because I don't know for sure if it's going to come back." His therapist said that while Case was clearly regaining the range of motion in his leg, it was not clear how much of his muscles and sensation would come back. He believed that the intense pain Case was beginning to experience in his lower legs might have been due to compartment syndrome, in which swelling that should have occurred after the injuries did not due to the lack of blood. Two of the bullets remained in his body [4] until doctors removed them six months later. [6]

Case threw out the first pitch at a local American Legion game played by his team. His father reported that some pitches he threw to him as a test "still had plenty of zip". But he did not return to school for the rest of the year. [4] By September he was able to, and had resumed playing with the jazz band. He still had no feeling in his lower right leg, could not move the foot, and wore a brace on the leg. But he was eager to resume classes, and felt no hesitation about returning to the cafeteria (now repainted) for the first time since he had been shot there in order to register for classes. [5] By springtime Case, despite still not having any feeling in the right foot, had recovered enough to resume playing baseball, pleasantly surprising his doctors. His coach admitted, however, that despite in one contest striking out nine batters in five innings he was not as good as he had been. [7] Case still hoped to be able to play in college and indicated on the anniversary of the shooting that he was basing his college search around that. [8]

In September 1999, Kinkel abandoned plans to mount an insanity defense and pleaded guilty to four counts of murder and 26 of attempted murder that had been brought against him for the shooting. "I'd kind of like to know exactly why he did it," Case told a newspaper. "But we're never going to find out." [9] The plea included sentences for the murders that could have led to Kinkel being eligible for parole in 25 years, if no further sentence was imposed for the attempted murder charges. At the sentencing hearing on those counts two months later, Case, by then studying at Lane Community College, was among the last of the victims and family members to make a statement. Recounting how it still hurt to walk in bare or stocking feet, he said "Because I will be affected for the rest of my life, I feel that he should be, too." Judge Jack Mattison sentenced Kinkel to another 87 years for the attempted murders, bringing his total sentence to nearly 112 years, effectively a life sentence without parole. [1]

Academic and research career

Case later decided that the long-term effect of his injuries precluded him playing baseball at the college level, and turned to scientific study. [1] After his year at Lane, he studied at Oregon State for two years, then transferred to the University of Oregon, closer to home, where he earned a B.S. degree in physics in 2004. Following that, he began graduate study in astronomy at Boston University (BU), receiving a doctorate in 2010. [2] During that period he worked as a research assistant for Harlan Spence, analyzing data from CRaTER, the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which informed his dissertation, "Galactic Cosmic Ray Variations at the Moon". Case also worked to quantify the ambient solar wind's effect on coronal mass ejections (CMEs) using global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models to quantify the solar wind's effect on CME transit times, [10] [11] This led to his research focus on particle measurement in space. [12] the subject of his first published paper, in 2008, [13] and subsequent research. [14] [15]

After BU, Case began a postdoctoral fellowship at the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge under Justin Kasper. He continued to analyze CRaTER data and began preliminary work on the solar cup for what was then known as the Solar Probe Plus, scheduled to launch in 2018. [16] In 2012, he became one of CfA's staff astrophysicists, working on Faraday cups, a device used to capture particles in a vacuum, for space probes. He was test lead on re-certifying the Deep Space Climate Observatory's cup and co-investigator on the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS), a cup included on the Europa Clipper [10] probe scheduled to launch in October 2024 for a 2030 rendezvous with the similarly-named moon of Jupiter. [17]

SWEAP

Designing and building the PSP posed a significant challenge. An 11.5-centimetre-thick (4.5 in) carbon-carbon heat shield was built so it could withstand temperatures of up to 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) caused by direct sunlight 475 times stronger than on Earth. The onboard electronics also had to deal with the possible corrupting effects of solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs). [18]

Diagram of the Solar Probe Cup (SPC) Parker-Solar-Probe-SWEAP-SPC.png
Diagram of the Solar Probe Cup (SPC)
Case discussing the SPC on Destin Sandlin's YouTube channel,
Smarter Every Day
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg The Parker Solar Probe - Smarter Every Day 198, at 7:25–10:45
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Full interview, on Smarter Every Day 2

Case worked on the team that designed SWEAP (Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons), the instrumentation that collected and measured the particles in the coronal plasma. For them the challenge was even greater. In order to function properly, one of the two parts of SWEAP, the Faraday cup known as the Solar Probe Cup (SPC), had to remain directly exposed to the Sun, outside the heat shield's protection. "We have this unique problem with the SPC of trying to allow in the particles we want to measure," Case told Physics , "while also dealing with all the light and heat that comes with them." [18] It used the same basic design as previous Faraday cups on interplanetary space probes such as Voyager and DSCOVR, but the materials would have to be different given how close the PSP would be going to the Sun. [19]

The team tested materials for the SPC using four modified IMAX movie projectors shining on them in a vacuum chamber to simulate the intense sunlight it would have to deal with. Aluminum, usually preferred in spacecraft instrumentation, was found to easily melt and grow brittle in that heat. They finally found only three metals—niobium, tungsten and molybdenum—that could take the heat. "That's pretty much it for the main constituents of metals that we could use", Case said." Ultimately they chose TZM, an alloy of 99 percent the latter element, combined with titanium and zirconium to strengthen the otherwise brittle molybdenum, for the SPC. The specialized mesh filter that helps trap particles in the cup was made of tungsten. To insulate the niobium wiring which supplied that mesh to 8,000 volts, the team obtained single-crystal sapphire pieces, again the most heat-resistant material they could find, and grew them in the lab. "One of the considerations when we choose materials to make a cup out of is that we want them to be as inert as possible", he explained. "We want materials that don't interact when we place them together in a hot thermal environment". [18] [20]

To deal with the risk of data corruption from heliomagnetic events such as flares and CMEs, the SPC makes three separate copies of its data. In the event of a disparity between the copies, the software defaults to the data in the majority as the uncorrupted version. "If there's a solar flare," Case said, "we can deal with that penetrating radiation, and it doesn't cause any significant effects within the spacecraft." [18]

The SPC is designed to measure solar wind ions with 100–6,000 V of energy, and electrons in the 100–1,500 V range. The PSP is making 24 orbits through 2025, going closer to the Sun each time, eventually becoming the first probe to penetrate the Alfvén surface, the outer boundary of the corona. On its last orbit and closest approach in 2025, it will reach 9 R☉, or less than 6.4 million kilometers (4 million miles) from the Sun, closer than any probe has ever flown before. The SPC has functioned as intended on each approach. [19] Data from the mission has helped point to one long-theorized explanations for the hotter temperature of the corona: Alfvén waves and the magnetic switchbacks they create. Likewise, the slow solar wind appears to come from holes in the corona related to sunspots near the Sun's equator. [21]

HelioSwarm

Case left CfA for BWX Technologies at the beginning of 2023, where he continues to work on Faraday cup design for space probes. His doctoral advisor, Harlan Spence, is the lead investigator for the planned HelioSwarm probe, scheduled for launch in 2028. [22] It will consist of a group of nine satellites, organized as a hub with eight nodes, that will go into a lunar-resonant Earth orbit, to better measure plasma turbulence from an unprecedented variety of perspectives at once. Understanding that phenomenon better will be very helpful to future space missions, crewed or not, and in protecting satellite communications better against solar events. [23]

Legacy of shooting

Case has kept the bullets that were removed from his body and stores them with his high school baseball trophies and other mementoes of that time in his life. His right ankle has never regained full mobility, [1] leading Case to limp occasionally, [24] but other than that he has no impairments from the shooting and engages in recreational activities like hiking, bicycling and running. [1] He has experienced few long-term psychological effects from the shooting. In May 2022, he told a reporter about how he coped with the shooting: [6]

People are in bad car wrecks that end up significantly worse than I did. Dealing with negative experiences is just part of life, and moving on from them is necessary for future happiness. Of course that is easier said than done sometimes, but consciously having that perspective has helped, I think.

Until the COVID-19 pandemic, he, his family and doctors gathered in Springfield every year on May 21 to celebrate his "second birthday". [6]

The effect of the injuries led Case to his present career, he believes. Had he, as he had originally hoped, been playing baseball in college "[I might not] have studied physics and ended up working on all the cool stuff that I've worked on ... If I had been pushing more toward baseball, there's no way I could have been studying as much." [1]

Being a survivor of a school shooting has not made Case averse to firearms; he hunts and enjoys target shooting. But he does not belong to the National Rifle Association and believes that gun laws should be made more restrictive. "I’m hoping there will be meaningful change in that maybe we get rid of some different types of assault weapons, large-capacity magazines, and enforce better background checks", he said on the 20th anniversary of the shootings. [24]

Kinkel, who was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia after the shooting, applied for clemency in 2021 when Oregon's then-governor Kate Brown announced she would consider those requests from adults incarcerated for crimes committed as juveniles. Case followed the story online; Kinkel's request was ultimately rejected. While at the time he had felt Kinkel's motive was irrelevant—"can't we just call him a bad person and a criminal and a murderer, and not worry about whether it was a mental illness?—he now appreciated the role it played: "It's hard to look back and place the full blame on him," he told The New Yorker in 2023. He speculated that had Kinkel's mental illness been properly dealt with prior to the shootings, they might not have happened. [1]

Personal life

Case lives in Sudbury, Massachusetts, with his partner Susanna, a fellow astrophysicist, and their son Walden. He continues to play music, although on the piano, and is active with a community cycling team in West Boston. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stellar corona</span> Outermost layer of a stars atmosphere

A corona is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere. It consists of plasma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar wind</span> Stream of charged particles from the Sun

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of materials found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei of elements such as C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as P, Ti, Cr, and 58Ni, 60Ni, and 62Ni. Superimposed with the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field. The boundary separating the corona from the solar wind is called the Alfvén surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar flare</span> Eruption of electromagnetic radiation

A solar flare is a relatively intense, localized emission of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere. Flares occur in active regions and are often, but not always, accompanied by coronal mass ejections, solar particle events, and other eruptive solar phenomena. The occurrence of solar flares varies with the 11-year solar cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space weather</span> Branch of space physics and aeronomy

Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with the varying conditions within the Solar System and its heliosphere. This includes the effects of the solar wind, especially on the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Though physically distinct, space weather is analogous to the terrestrial weather of Earth's atmosphere. The term "space weather" was first used in the 1950s and popularized in the 1990s. Later, it prompted research into "space climate", the large-scale and long-term patterns of space weather.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronal mass ejection</span> Ejecta from the Suns corona

A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant ejection of magnetic field and accompanying plasma mass from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</span> European space observatory

The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium led by Matra Marconi Space that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas IIAS launch vehicle on 2 December 1995, to study the Sun. It has also discovered over 5,000 comets. It began normal operations in May 1996. It is a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA. SOHO was part of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP). Originally planned as a two-year mission, SOHO continues to operate after over 25 years in space; the mission has been extended until the end of 2025, subject to review and confirmation by ESA's Science Programme Committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helios (spacecraft)</span> Pair of sun-orbiting probes launched in 1974-76 by the American and West German space agencies

Helios-A and Helios-B are a pair of probes that were launched into heliocentric orbit to study solar processes. As a joint venture between German Aerospace Center (DLR) and NASA, the probes were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on December 10, 1974, and January 15, 1976, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugene Parker</span> American solar physicist (1927–2022)

Eugene Newman Parker was an American solar and plasma physicist. In the 1950s he proposed the existence of the solar wind and that the magnetic field in the outer Solar System would be in the shape of a Parker spiral, predictions that were later confirmed by spacecraft measurements. In 1987, Parker proposed the existence of nanoflares, a leading candidate to explain the coronal heating problem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Faraday cup</span> Charged particle catcher

A Faraday cup is a metal (conductive) cup designed to catch charged particles in vacuum. The resulting current can be measured and used to determine the number of ions or electrons hitting the cup. The Faraday cup was named after Michael Faraday who first theorized ions around 1830.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronal hole</span> Cool, tenuous region of the Suns corona

A coronal hole is a temporary region of relatively cool, less dense plasma in the solar corona where the Sun's magnetic field extends into interplanetary space as an open field. Compared to the corona's usual closed magnetic field that arches between regions of opposite magnetic polarity, the open magnetic field of a coronal hole allows solar wind to escape into space at a much quicker rate. This results in decreased temperature and density of the plasma at the site of a coronal hole, as well as an increased speed in the average solar wind measured in interplanetary space. If streams of high-speed solar wind from coronal holes encounter the Earth, they can cause major displays of aurorae. Near solar minimum, when activity such as coronal mass ejections is less frequent, such streams are the main cause of geomagnetic storms and associated aurorae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thurston High School</span> Public school in Springfield, , Oregon, United States

Thurston High School is a public high school located in the Thurston area of Springfield, Oregon, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Van Allen Probes</span> NASA Earth magnetosphere investigator satellites

The Van Allen Probes, formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), were two robotic spacecraft that were used to study the Van Allen radiation belts that surround Earth. NASA conducted the Van Allen Probes mission as part of the Living With a Star program. Understanding the radiation belt environment and its variability has practical applications in the areas of spacecraft operations, spacecraft system design, mission planning and astronaut safety. The probes were launched on 30 August 2012 and operated for seven years. Both spacecraft were deactivated in 2019 when they ran out of fuel. They are expected to deorbit during the 2030s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parker Solar Probe</span> NASA robotic space probe of the outer corona of the Sun

The Parker Solar Probe is a NASA space probe launched in 2018 with the mission of making observations of the outer corona of the Sun. It will approach to within 9.86 solar radii from the center of the Sun, and by 2025 will travel, at closest approach, as fast as 690,000 km/h (430,000 mph) or 191 km/s, which is 0.064% the speed of light. It is the fastest object ever built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Thurston High School shooting</span> 1998 mass shooting in Springfield, Oregon, US

On May 21, 1998, 15-year-old freshman student Kipland Kinkel opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle in the cafeteria of Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon, United States, killing two of his classmates and wounding 25 others. He had killed his parents at the family home the previous day, following his suspension pending an expulsion hearing after he admitted to school officials that he was keeping a stolen handgun in his locker. Fellow students subdued him, leading to his arrest. He later characterized his actions as an attempt to get others to kill him, since he wanted to take his own life after killing his parents but could not bring himself to.

The Arctowski Medal is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for studies in solar physics and solar-terrestrial relationships." Named in honor of Henryk Arctowski, it was first awarded in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Explorer 10</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">FIELDS</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SWEAP</span> Solar wind and plasma instrument on the Parker Solar Probe

SWEAP is an instrument on the unmanned space probe to the Sun, the Parker Solar Probe. The spacecraft with SWEAP on board was launched by a Delta IV Heavy on 12 August 2018 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. SWEAP includes two types of instruments, the Solar Probe Cup (SPC) and Solar Probe Analyzers (SPAN). SWEAP has four sensors overall, and is designed to take measurements of the Solar wind including electrons and ions of hydrogen (protons) and helium.

Solar radio emission refers to radio waves that are naturally produced by the Sun, primarily from the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere called the chromosphere and corona, respectively. The Sun produces radio emissions through four known mechanisms, each of which operates primarily by converting the energy of moving electrons into electromagnetic radiation. The four emission mechanisms are thermal bremsstrahlung (braking) emission, gyromagnetic emission, plasma emission, and electron-cyclotron maser emission. The first two are incoherent mechanisms, which means that they are the summation of radiation generated independently by many individual particles. These mechanisms are primarily responsible for the persistent "background" emissions that slowly vary as structures in the atmosphere evolve. The latter two processes are coherent mechanisms, which refers to special cases where radiation is efficiently produced at a particular set of frequencies. Coherent mechanisms can produce much larger brightness temperatures (intensities) and are primarily responsible for the intense spikes of radiation called solar radio bursts, which are byproducts of the same processes that lead to other forms of solar activity like solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

Kelly Korreck is an American space scientist. She is currently an astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and Program Scientist at NASA as head of operations for the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) instrument aboard the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft.

References

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  2. 1 2 "Anthony Case". ORCID . Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  3. ↑ Bull, Brian (January 4, 2022). "Springfield native turned astrophysicist part of historic solar mission". KLCC-FM . Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Associated Press (June 11, 1998). "Shooting victim recovering from bullet wounds". Albany Democrat-Herald . Albany, Oregon.
  5. 1 2 Cain, Brad (September 1, 1998). "Classes resume at Thurston High". Albany Democrat-Herald . Albany, Oregon.
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  8. ↑ "A year later, Thurston victims are remembered". Albany Democrat-Herald . Albany, Oregon. May 21, 1999.
  9. ↑ O'Brien, Keith (September 25, 1999). "Plea avoids long trial". Statesman Journal . Salem, Oregon.
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  11. ↑ "CRaTER, Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation". University of New Hampshire . 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Case, Anthony". Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  13. ↑ Case, A.W.; Spence, H.E.; Owens, M.J.; Riley, P.; Odstrcil, D. (August 8, 2008). "Ambient solar wind's effect on ICME transit times". Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (15). Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3515105C. doi:10.1029/2008GL034493. ISSN   1944-8007. OCLC   1795290 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  14. ↑ Case, A.W.; Spence, H.E.; Golightly, M.J.; Kasper, J.C.; Blake, J.B.; Mazur, J.E.; Townsend, L.W.; Zeitlin, C.J. (October 2010). "GCR access to the Moon as measured by the CRaTER instrument on LRO". Geophys. Res. Lett. 37 (19). American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3719101C. doi:10.1029/2010GL045118. S2CID   260448485 . Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  15. ↑ Case, A.W.; Kasper, J.C.; Spence, H.E.; Zeitlin, C.J.; Looper, M.D.; Golightly, M.J.; Schwadron, N.A.; Townsend, L.W.; Mazur, J.E.; Blake, J.B.; Iwata, Y. (2013). "The deep space galactic cosmic ray lineal energy spectrum at solar minimum". Space Weather . 11 (6): 361–368. Bibcode:2013SpWea..11..361C. doi:10.1002/swe.20051. ISSN   1542-7390 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  16. ↑ Case, A.W.; Kasper, J.C.; Daigneau, P.S.; Caldwell, D.; Freeman, M.; Gauron, T.; Maruca, B.A.; Bookbinder, J.; Korreck, K.E.; Cirtain, J.W.; Effinger, M.E.; Halekas, J.S.; Larson, D.E.; Lazarus, A.J.; Stevens, M.L.; Taylor, E.R.; Wright Jr., K.H. (June 13, 2013). "Designing a sun-pointing Faraday cup for solar probe plus". AIP Conference Proceedings . 1539 (1). American Institute of Physics: 458–461. Bibcode:2013AIPC.1539..458C. doi:10.1063/1.4811083. ISSN   1551-7616. OCLC   45060072 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  17. ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 10, 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Schirber, Michael (December 14, 2021). "How to Survive Flying Too Close to the Sun". Physics . 14. American Physical Society: 176. Bibcode:2021PhyOJ..14..176S. doi:10.1103/Physics.14.176. ISSN   1943-2879. OCLC   819219406 . Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  19. 1 2 Case, A.W.; Kasper, J.C.; Stevens, M.L.; Korreck, K.E.; Paulson, K.; Daigneau, P.; Caldwell, D.; Freeman, M.; Henry, T.; Klingensmith, B.; Bookbinder, J.A.; Robinson, M.; Berg, P.; Tiu, C.; Wright Jr., K.H.; Reinhart, M.J.; Curtis, D.; Ludlam, M.; Larson, D.; Whittlesey, P.; Livi, R.; Klein, K.G.; Martinovic, M.M. (February 3, 2020). "The Solar Probe Cup on the Parker Solar Probe". Astrophys. J. 246 (2). IOP Publishing: 43. arXiv: 1912.02581 . Bibcode:2020ApJS..246...43C. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab5a7b . ISSN   1538-4357.
  20. ↑ Anthony W. Case, Richard Gates, Stephen McCrossan, Ainissa Ramirez (2014). Modern Materials and the Solid State: Crystals, Polymers, and Alloys (Internet video). Annenberg Learner. Event occurs at 19:50–26:40. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  21. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (December 4, 2019). "NASA's Parker Solar Probe Is Unlocking the Sun's Mysteries". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  22. ↑ "HelioSwarm". NASA. 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  23. ↑ Klein, K.G.; Spence, H.; Alexandrova, O.; Argall, M.; Arzamasskiy, L.; Bookbinder, J.; Broeren, T.; Caprioli, D.; Case, A.; Chandran, B.; Chen, L.; Dors, I.; Eastwood, J.; Forsyth, C.; Galvin, A.; Genot, V.; Halekas, J.; Hesse, M.; Hine, B.; Horbury, T.; Jian, L.; Kasper, J.; Kretzschmar, M.; Kunz, M.; Lavraud, B.; Le Contel, O.; Mallet, A.; Maruca, B.; Matthaeus, W.; Niehof, J.; O'Brien, H.; Owen, C.; Retinò, A.; Reynolds, C.; Roberts, O.; Schekochihin, A.; Skoug, R.; Smith, C.; Smith, S.; Steinberg, J.; Stevens, M.; Szabo, A.; TenBarge, J.; Torbert, R.; Vasquez, B.; Verscharen, D.; Whittlesey, F.; Wickizer, B.; Zank, G.; Zweibel, E. (November 3, 2023). "HelioSwarm: A Multipoint, Multiscale Mission to Characterize Turbulence". Space Sci. Rev. 219 (8): 74. arXiv: 2306.06537 . Bibcode:2023SSRv..219...74K. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-01019-0 . Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  24. 1 2 3 Bull, Brian (May 16, 2018). "The Thurston School Shooting, 20 Years Later: Profiles Of Tragedy And Triumph". KLCC . Retrieved January 20, 2024.
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