Aquilegia amurensis

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Aquilegia amurensis
Aquilegia amurensis.jpg
Preserved specimen of Aquilegia amurensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aquilegia
Species:
A. amurensis
Binomial name
Aquilegia amurensis
Not. Syst. Herb. Hort. Bot.
Synonyms [1] [2] : 64 

Aquilegia flabellataSiebold & Zucc.
Aquilegia flabellata var. alpinaIzv. Imp. Akad. Nauk Kuzen.

Contents

Aquilegia amurensis is a partially accepted species of flowering plant in the genus Aquilegia (columbines) in the family Ranunculaceae that is native to northeast Asia. Its natural range is in the northern Greater Khingan mountain range and Amur River of China, as well as Siberian Russia, Mongolia, and possibly North Korea. [3] [4] [2] : 64  Flowers of this plant have petal blades that are whitish or white-tipped, with blue-violet nectar spurs and sepals. The plant is rarely cultivated.

Description

Aquilegia amurensis grows to be about 50 centimetres (20 in) tall. It possesses leaves in a basal arrangement (sprouting from base of the shoot), seldom if ever with leaves on the stem. The leaflets are glabrous (smooth) on their topsides with soft, downy bottoms. [2] : 64  The leaflets are trisected to their base. The petioles are extremely slender and subglabrous, extending between 6 centimetres (2.4 in) and 15 centimetres (5.9 in) in length. [5]

The plant's flowers are suberect with blue-violet nectar spurs and sepals. The spurs are particularly hooked and have lengths of between 10 millimetres (0.39 in) and 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long. A. amurensis's sepals are elliptical with lengths of between 15 millimetres (0.59 in) and 25 millimetres (0.98 in) long that curve to an acute point. The petal blades are oblong, spreading roughly along the floral axis. The blades range between 7 millimetres (0.28 in) and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) long and are whitish or white-tipped. [2] : 64  The stamen are exserted (extending beyond the length of the pedals) and capped with yellow anthers that are 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long. [5]

A variety, A. amurensis var. albiflora, possesses white flowers. [2] : 64  When compared to Aquilegia sibirica , A. amurensis emulates its leafless stems and hooked spurs but deviates with more acute sepals, pilose leaflets and pedicels, less nodding flowers, and follicles that are not glabrous. [5]

Taxonomy

Aquilegia amurensis received its binomial in 1926 within Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariia Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada S.S.S.R. in the Soviet Union. The plant was first identified under the name Aquilegia flabellata var. alpina within Izvestiya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk in 1915. [2] : 64  [6] A. amurensis is one of approximately 110 species in the genus Aquilegia . [7]

According to a 2024 phylogenetic study by Chinese researchers Huaying Wang and Wei Zhang, A. amurensis diverged from the now geographically disjunct Aquilegia japonica [note 1] approximately 22,970 years ago, corresponding with the Last Glacial Maximum. However, this data might be marred with interbreeding spurred by refugia populations lacking conspecific mates or other events. Wang and Zhang found that chloroplast DNA suggests A. amurensis is genetically more closely related to Aquilegia parviflora  – with which it shares a clade  – and the North American columbine clade than with A. japonica. However, a 2013 study constructed a phylogenetic tree that suggested that the inverse was true; Wang and Zhang theorized that this was the result of the 2013 study utilizing a different variant of A. japonica. [8]

Despite similarities in the shape of the shoots and leaves to Aquilegia barykinae , another species in the same region, it is not likely to be a close relative. Instead, A. barykinae was described upon its first description as possessing a closer affinity to Aquilegia vulgaris . [9]

Distribution

The plant is native to the northern Greater Khingan mountain range and Amur River of China, as well as Siberian Russia, Mongolia, and possibly North Korea. [3] [4] [2] : 64  A 2017 paper in Phytotaxa claimed to be the first to record A. amurensis as present in China. [10] Wang and Zhang mapped the range of A. amurensis extending through northern China and eastern Siberian Russia. [8]

Botanist Philip A. Munz described the type locality of the species as "R. Lagar, near Radde, Amur, Siberia". [5] [2] : 64  Roy Lancaster included an image of A. amurensis in his Travels in China: A Plantman's Paradise. The plant pictured was found the Changbai Mountains on the Chinese side of the nation's border with North Korea. The range of A. amurensis possibly extends over this border. [2] : 64  [note 2] Munz noted that the Soviet botanist Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov had reported A. amurensis in northern Korea from the Yalu River. [5]

Cultivation

In his 1946 Aquilegia: The Cultivated and Wild Columbines, Munz said that he was aware of seeds being offered for sale by a Japanese company. He added that he was not aware of any other cultivation of the species. [5] As of 2003, American botanist Robert Nold reported that the plant was "rarely, if ever, encountered in cultivation". [2] : 64 

Notes

  1. ↑ Commonly known as Aquilegia flabellata. [2] : 43 
  2. ↑ Nold noted that the image in Lancaster's book did not precisely correspond with the description provided by Munz and given by Flora of the U.S.S.R. [2] : 64 

Related Research Articles

<i>Aquilegia</i> Genus of perennial plants (columbine)

Aquilegia is a genus of about 130 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher elevations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.

<i>Isopyrum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Isopyrum is a genus of flowering plants of the family Ranunculaceae native to Eurasia and North America. Isopyrum plants possess white flowers with five sepals and five petals.

<i>Aquilegia hinckleyana</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia hinckleyana, or Hinckley's golden columbine, is a partially recognized species of flowering plant of the genus Aquilegia (columbines) in the family Ranunculaceae endemic to Capote Falls in northwestern Presidio County, Texas. The plant is found within a small region of the county and only grows in moister areas of its generally dry range. Considered a smaller version of Aquilegia chrysantha, A. hinckleyana has a height of around 60 centimetres (24 in) and possesses yellow flowers. It has seen modern cultivation, particularly in Texas. The species is named for L. C. Hinckley, who first collected the species in 1943.

<i>Aquilegia alpina</i> Alpine European species of columbine

Aquilegia alpina, often called the alpine columbine or breath of God, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the western and central Alps. Though rare in its Swiss, Austrian, and Italian range, it is commonly found in the French Maritime Alps. A. alpina is appreciated for its light blue to blue-purple flowers.

<i>Semiaquilegia adoxoides</i> Species of flowering plant

Semiaquilegia adoxoides is a species of perennial flowering plant in the Ranunculaceae. Native to Japan, Korea, and China, the plant grows to about 40 cm (16 in) tall and blooms with pale pink flowers. Now often considered the sole member of the genus Semiaquilegia, it bears similarities to members of the genus Aquilegia. S. adoxoides is native to China, Korea, and Japan and has an introduced population on Taiwan.

<i>Aquilegia rockii</i> Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia rockii is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to southern China.

<i>Aquilegia parviflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia parviflora is a species of flowering plant of the Aquilegia (columbine) genus in the family Ranunculaceae native to the Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, northern China, and Sakhalin.

<i>Aquilegia moorcroftiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia moorcroftiana is a species of flowering plant in the genus Aquilegia (columbines) in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to central Asia, with a range spanning Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Nepal, and Tibet. A. moorcroftiana grows at the highest elevation of any species of columbine, with examples frequently found at over 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) of elevation.

<i>Aquilegia confusa</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia confusa is a partially accepted species of flowering plant of the genus Aquilegia (columbines) in the family Ranunculaceae that is endemic to the eastern and southern European Alps in Switzerland and Italy. The entirety of the plant, particularly its seeds, are toxic to humans.

<i>Aquilegia sibirica</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia sibirica, the Siberian columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the north-central Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. A hardy perennial plant, it prefers temperate environments. The Siberian columbine can be between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) tall with flowers that are lilac-blue and white in color.

<i>Aquilegia glandulosa</i> North Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia glandulosa, the Altai columbine or Siberian columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern and central Asia.

<i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> Species of flowering plants

Aquilegia micrantha, the Mancos columbine or Bluff City columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. The species grows to between 30 cm (12 in) and 60 cm (24 in) tall and produces flowers that can be white, cream, blue, or pink.

<i>Aquilegia barykinae</i> Species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia barykinae is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to the Russian Far East. The species was first described in 2014. Its flowers are lilac-blue.

<i>Aquilegia microcentra</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia microcentra is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to Uruzgan Province in central and southeastern Afghanistan. The plant is understood as related to Aquilegia moorcroftiana, which has a range spanning into Afghanistan. A. microcentra has small, white flowers. The species was first described by the Flora Iranica in 1992 from specimens collected by Karl Heinz Rechinger in 1967.

<i>Aquilegia maimanica</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia maimanica is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the area of the former Meymaneh Province in northwestern Afghanistan. The plant is understood as related to Aquilegia moorcroftiana, which has a range spanning into Afghanistan. A. maimanica has pale-blue and white flowers. The species was first described by the Flora Iranica in 1992 from specimens collected by Karl Heinz Rechinger in 1959.

<i>Aquilegia gracillima</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia gracillima is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the area near Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan. The plant is understood as related to Aquilegia moorcroftiana, which has a range spanning into Afghanistan.

Aquilegia × emodi is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the Western Himalayas. It is a natural hybrid of Aquilegia bashahrica and Aquilegia pubiflora.

Aquilegia grubovii is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern Mongolia and Tuva in Russia.

Aquilegia hebeica is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern China.

Aquilegia kamelinii is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northeastern China and the Russian Far East.

References

  1. ↑ "Aquilegia amurensis Kom". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nold, Robert (2003). Columbines: Aquilegia, Paraquilegia, and Semiaquilegia . Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN   0881925888 – via Internet Archive.
  3. 1 2 Li, Ming-Rui; Wang, Hua-Ying; Tianyuan Lu, Ning Ding; Huang, Ye-Chao; Xiao, Hong-Xing; Liu, Bao; Li, Lin-Feng (March 2019). "Rapid Divergence Followed by Adaptation to Contrasting Ecological Niches of Two Closely Related Columbine Species Aquilegia japonica and A. oxysepala". Genome Biology and Evolution . 11 (3): 920. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz038. PMC   6433176 . PMID   30793209.
  4. 1 2 Baasanmunkh, Shukherdorj; Urgamal, Magsar; Oyuntsetseg, Batlai; Sukhorukov, Alexander P.; Tsegmed, Zagarjav; Son, Dong Chan; Erst, Andrey; Oyundelger, Khurelpurev; Kechaykin, Alexey A.; Norris, Joscelyn; Kosachev, Petr; Ma, Jin-Shuang; Chang, Kae Sun; Choi, Hyeok Jae (March 14, 2022). "Flora of Mongolia: annotated checklist of native vascular plants". PhytoKeys (192): 63–169. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.192.79702 . PMC   8938380 . PMID   35437387.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Munz, Philip A. (March 25, 1946). Aquilegia: The Cultivated and Wild Columbines. Gentes Herbarum. Vol. VII. Ithaca, NY: The Bailey Hortorium of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. pp. 68–69 – via Archive.org.
  6. ↑ "Aquilegia flabellata var. alpina Kuzen". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  7. ↑ Xu, Luyuan; Wang, Jinghan; Zhang, Tengjiao; Xiao, Hongxing; Wang, Huaying (28 February 2024). "Characterizing complete mitochondrial genome of Aquilegia amurensis and its evolutionary implications". BMC Plant Biology . 24 (142): 142. Bibcode:2024BMCPB..24..142X. doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-04844-9 . PMC   10900605 .
  8. 1 2 Wang, Huaying; Zhang, Wei; Yu, Yanan; Fang, Xiaoxue; Zhang, Tengjiao; Xu, Luyuan; Gong, Lei; Xiao, Hongxing (November 2024). "Biased Gene Introgression and Adaptation in the Face of Chloroplast Capture in Aquilegia amurensis". Systematic Biology. 73 (6): 886–900. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syae039. PMID   39001664.
  9. ↑ Erst, Andrey S.; Karakulov, Anatoliy V.; Luferov, Alexander N. (October 2014). "Aquilegia barykinae (Ranunculaceae), a new species from the Far East of Russia". Систематические заметки по материалам Гербария им. П.Н. Крылова Томского государственного университета. 110: 3–8. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
  10. ↑ Erst, Andrey S.; Wei, Wang; Yu, Sheng-Xiang (2017). "Two new species and four new records of Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae) from China". Phytotaxa . 316 (2): 121–137. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.2.
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