Aquilegia sibirica

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Aquilegia sibirica
Aquilegia sibirica1.jpg
Aquilegia sibirica (Siberian columbine)
Aquilegia sibirica - Illustration.jpg
Botanical illustration by Pierre Jean François Turpin
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aquilegia
Species:
A. sibirica
Binomial name
Aquilegia sibirica
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Aquilegia bicolorEhrh.
    • Aquilegia grandifloraPatrin ex DC.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. bicolorRegel
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. concolorC.A.Mey.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. discolorC.A.Mey.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. grandifloraDC.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. ircutianaFisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. mediaRapaics
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. stenopetalaRegel
    • Aquilegia speciosaDC.
    • Aquilegia speciosa var. bicolor(Ehrh.) DC.
    • Aquilegia speciosa var. concolorDC.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris var. dauricaWilld.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibiricaL.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris var. speciosaAiton

Aquilegia sibirica, the Siberian columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the north-central Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. [1] [2] A hardy perennial plant, it prefers temperate environments. [1] The Siberian columbine can be between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) tall with flowers that are lilac-blue and white in color. [3]

Contents

A. sibirica diverged as a separate species from Aquilegia ecalcarata –the only Aquilegia species to lack nectar spurs–between 4.5 and 6 million years ago. Crosses between the two species have been studied to determine what gene is responsible for Aquilegia nectar spurs. In Mongolia, A. sibirica is considered a medicinal herb and extracts from the plant have been determined to act as an antifungal agent.

Taxonomy and evolution

The Siberian columbine was first described with the binomial Aquilegia sibirica in 1783 within Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's botanical volume for Encyclopédie Méthodique . [4] [5] The plant had been previously described as Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibirica in 1767 within the 12th edition of Systema Naturae by Carl Linnaeus. [6] All 15 of the synonyms of A. sibirica are heterotypic synonyms, ones where the type specimen does not match or they have a different taxonomic rank. [1]

Table of Synonyms [1]
NameYearRank
Aquilegia bicolorEhrh.1793species
Aquilegia grandifloraPatrin ex DC.1817species
Aquilegia sibirica var. bicolorRegel1862variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. concolorC.A.Mey.1830variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. discolorC.A.Mey.1830variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. grandifloraDC.1817variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. ircutianaFisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.1846variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. mediaRapaics1909variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. stenopetalaRegel1856variety
Aquilegia speciosaDC.1817species
Aquilegia speciosa var. bicolor(Ehrh.) DC.1817variety
Aquilegia speciosa var. concolorDC.1817variety
Aquilegia vulgaris var. dauricaWilld.1800variety
Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibiricaL.1767variety
Aquilegia vulgaris var. speciosaAiton1789variety

Aquilegia species evolved relatively quickly after first appearing during the Late Miocene around 6.9 million years ago in East Asia. Aquilegia species diversified quickly and spread into both Europe and North America before migrating back into Asia. As a result, they are a well-known model system in evolutionary biology but confirming an accurate phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the species in the genus has proved difficult. A. sibirica, though native to Asia, is closely related to A. vulgaris of Central Europe. [7]

By 1892, the Siberian columbine was also identified as a close relative of the northern North American Aquilegia brevistyla , the smallflower columbine. [8] The plant's appearance is very proximate to that of Aquilegia flabellata native to the Japanese Alps. [9] [10] [note 1] A wild hybrid between A. sibirica and Aquilegia glandulosa , Aquilegia × gubanovii, was identified in Mongolia in 1991. [13] A. sibirica and Aquilegia ecalcarata diverged as separate species between 4.5 and 6 million years ago and remain cross-compatible. [14] Philip A. Munz identified that it had been hybridized with Aquilegia vulgaris to produce to produce A. ×garnieriana. [15] Crosses between A. sibirica and A. ecalcarata–the only Aquilegia species that lacks nectar spurs on its petals–have been studied to identify the gene responsible for spurred petals. [16] [note 2]

Description

In common with other Aquilegia species, the Siberian columbine possesses nectar spurs. [16] Pollination of A. sibirica is generally caused by bees. [18] [note 3] It is also favored by other pollinators such as butterflies and, in the flower's introduced North American populations, hummingbirds. [19] A. sibirica is resistant to the fungal disease verticillium wilt. [20] The plant prefers temperate environments. Also in common with other Aquilegia, A. sibirica is a hardy perennial plant. [1] [9] A. sibirica grows well in shady settings and tolerates various soils. [20]

The plant has nearly glabrous bi- and triternate leaves with leaflets that run between one and two inches across. [3] Stems are leafless, with many terminating in flowers. [21] Siberian columbine flowers are lilac-blue to white. [22] The flower is bisexual and features fruit thatis indehiscent (meaning it does not split to release seeds) in the form of a follicle. [23] The plant may be between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) tall in height. [3] In northern latitudes, the flower blooms between May and June. [22]

Petals on A. sibirica develop a curvature relatively early and at a shorter length–between 1 centimetre (0.39 in) and 2 centimetres (0.79 in)–than other Aquilegia species. The petals fold longitudinally. As nectar spurs of different Aquilegia species develop, they demonstrate greater variance. In the case of A. sibirica's nectar spurs, they possess greater curvature than those of A. formosa and A. chrysantha . [18]

Phytochemistry

The plant has been considered a medicinal herb in Mongolia. Considered a "major therapeutic drug" in Asian traditional medicine, it has been used to treat diseases in women, asthma, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. It was also known to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus , one of the bacteria responsible for staphylococcal infections. [24]

In the 21st century, extracts from A. sibirica have been researched for and found to possess antifungal qualities. Extracts showed the presence of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Extractions performed with heat and methanol extracted more of the medically relevant compounds than those performed at room temperature or with other solvents. [24]

Distribution

Stands of Aquilegia sibirica in Ergaki Nature Park, Russia Akvilegiia (vodosborka).jpg
Stands of Aquilegia sibirica in Ergaki Nature Park, Russia

The 70 to 80 Aquilegia species are distributed in the Circumboreal Region, ranging between Eurasia and North America. [19] Aquilegia sibirica is native to the north-central Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. [1] When considered alongside the distribution of the closely related and similarly lowland species A. vulgaris, A. sibirica's current distribution suggests the possibility of a historical vegetation system that linked Central Europe with Siberia. [7] The population in Middle Siberia is considered a quaternary relict (a population that once possessed a broader range in an earlier geologic epoch). [25]

In open portions of the taiga in the Siberian Sayansky District, Siberian columbines and other vascular plants were found in 1921 to form a dense, two-meter-tall vegetation that can obscure the view of people traversing through these areas. [26] A. sibirica has also been found in the herb layer of the peatlands along Lake Baikal's eastern coast. [27] It generally is found in lower elevation habitats while Aquilegia glandulosa occupies higher areas in roughly the same regions. [15]

Cultivation

Siberian columbine is cultivated in gardens globally. [15] The flower was introduced to the United States by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1933; these seeds were presented to the United States by A. P. Iljinski, the chief botanist of the Botanic Garden, Leningrad, on behalf of the Soviet Union. [3] [note 4] Finnish research has suggested that A. sibirica is among the Siberian and Far Eastern plants that could prove valuable for northern landscaping. [28]

Notes

  1. ↑ Historically, A. flabellata was considered a blue variety of the Siberian columbine with the homotypic synonyms Aquilegia sibirica var. flatbellata and Aquilegia sibirica var. japonica. [10] [11] [12]
  2. ↑ As distinct from Semiaquilegia , a genus in the Ranunculaceae family that resemble Aquilegia but are spurless. [17]
  3. ↑ Other pollinators are more prevalent among other Aquilegia species, such as hummingbirds for A. formosa and hawk moths for A. chrysantha. [18]
  4. ↑ The A. sibirica seeds were given alongside seeds for other plant species, including 12 additional species of Aquilegia. [3]

Related Research Articles

<i>Aquilegia</i> Genus of perennial plants (columbine)

Aquilegia is a genus of about 130 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher elevations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranunculaceae</span> Family of eudicot flowering plants

Ranunculaceae is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.

<i>Aquilegia canadensis</i> Common North American species of columbine

Aquilegia canadensis, the Canadian or Canada columbine, eastern red columbine, or wild columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial native to woodland and rocky slopes in eastern North America, prized for its red and yellow flowers. It readily hybridizes with other species in the genus Aquilegia.

<i>Aquilegia coerulea</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia coerulea, the Colorado columbine, Rocky Mountain columbine, or blue columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains and some of the surrounding states of the western United States. It is the state flower of Colorado. The Latin specific name coerulea means "sky blue".

<i>Aquilegia vulgaris</i> European native species of columbine

Aquilegia vulgaris is a species of columbine native to Europe with common names that include: European columbine, common columbine, granny's nightcap, and granny's bonnet. It is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.2 m tall, with branched, thinly hairy stems. The leaves are biternate; each leaf has three groups of three leaflets. The flowers, in various shades of purple, blue, pink and white, are pendent or horizontal with strongly hooked spurs, and appear in early summer.

<i>Aquilegia nuragica</i> Sardinian endemic species of columbine

Aquilegia nuragica, commonly called Nuragica columbine, is a perennial plant species in the family Ranunculaceae. It is endemic to Italy, on the island of Sardinia.

<i>Aquilegia saximontana</i> Alpine North American species of columbine

Aquilegia saximontana, the Rocky Mountain columbine, alpine dwarf columbine, dwarf blue columbine, or alpine columbine, is a perennial plant that comes from the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae.

<i>Aquilegia flabellata</i> East Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia flabellata, common name fan columbine or dwarf columbine, is a species of flowering perennial plant in the genus Aquilegia (columbine), of the family Ranunculaceae.

<i>Aquilegia pyrenaica</i> Pyrenean endemic species of columbine

Aquilegia pyrenaica, common name Pyrenean columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is endemic to the Pyrenees where it grows on grassland and in rocky places. It was first described in 1805 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who gave it the name Aquilegia pyrenaica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectar spur</span> Nectar spur, secrets

A nectar spur is a hollow extension of a part of a flower. The spur may arise from various parts of the flower: the sepals, petals, or hypanthium, and often contain tissues that secrete nectar (nectaries). Nectar spurs are present in many clades across the angiosperms, and are often cited as an example of convergent evolution.

<i>Aquilegia fragrans</i> Himalayan species of columbine

Aquilegia fragrans, the fragrant columbine or sweet-scented columbine, is a species of columbine belonging to the family Ranunculaceae.

<i>Aquilegia viridiflora</i> West Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia viridiflora, commonly known as the green columbine or green-flowered columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family. Its native range is southern Siberia to northern China, and Japan. It is an herbaceous perennial, and grows 15 cm to 50 cm tall, with a maximum spread of approximately 30 cm. Although it is grown as an ornamental, it may be considered a weed.

<i>Aquilegia bernardii</i> Corsican species of columbine

Aquilegia bernardii, common name Bernard's columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to Corsica. It is likely named after the French plant collector Pierre Frédéric Bernard.

<i>Aquilegia desertorum</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia desertorum, the desert columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to New Mexico, Arizona, and southwest Utah. It inhabits open rocky limestone areas between 2000m and 2500m altitude.

<i>Aquilegia dinarica</i> Balkan species of columbine

Aquilegia dinarica, the Dinaric columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to the Dinaric Alps of northern Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Montenegro.

<i>Aquilegia einseleana</i> Alpine species of columbine

Aquilegia einseleana, or Einsele's columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to the central and eastern Alps of Slovenia and small areas of Germany, Austria, and Italy. Aquilegia einseleana grows to 45cm. It has blue-violet flowers which appear from May to September. The species was described by the German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Schultz (1804–1876) in 1848, and named after his friend Dr. August Max Einsele (1803–1870), a Bavarian physician and botanist. Einsele's columbine grows in grassy and rocky limestone areas at altitudes between 600m and 1800m.

<i>Aquilegia glandulosa</i> North Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia glandulosa, the Siberian columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern and central Asia.

<i>Aquilegia karelinii</i> Central Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia karelinii, the Afghan columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Central Asia.

<i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> Species of flowering plants

Aquilegia micrantha, the Mancos columbine or Bluff City columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Utah, Colorado, and Arizona.

<i>Aquilegia <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> hybrida</i> Species of flowering plants

Aquilegia × hybrida is a hybrid species of columbine, the result of a cross between Aquilegia vulgaris and Aquilegia canadensis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Aquilegia sibirica Lam". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press. 5 February 2013. p. 269. ISBN   978-0-12-384720-1 . Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Inventory No. 115: Plant Material Introduced by the Division of Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, April 1 to June 30, 1933 (No. 102378–103406). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. July 1935. p. 44. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  4. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica". International Plant Names Index . Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  5. ↑ Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de; Poiret, Jean Louis Marie (1783). Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Panckoucke. p. 150. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  6. ↑ "Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibirica". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  7. 1 2 Fior, Simone; Li, Mingai; Oxelman, Bengt; Viola, Roberto; Hodges, Scott A.; Ometto, Lino; Varotto, Claudio (5 February 2013). "Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the Aquilegia rapid radiation through next-generation sequencing of rapidly evolving cpDNA regions". New Phytologist . 198 (2). Wiley-Blackwell: 325–633. doi: 10.1111/nph.12163 . PMID   23379348.
  8. ↑ Brühl, P. (1892). "De Ranunculaceis Indicis Disputationes". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (in Latin) (3). Asiatic Society of Bengal: 319.
  9. 1 2 "Columbines". University of Saskatchewan. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  10. 1 2 Takeda, H. (1913). The Vegetation of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge Botany School. p. 15.
  11. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica var. flabellata (Siebold & Zucc.) Finet & Gagnep". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  12. ↑ "Aquilegia flabellata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  13. ↑ "Aquilegia × gubanovii Kamelin". International Plant Names Index . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  14. ↑ Levin, Donald A. (2013). "The timetable for allopolyploidy in flowering plants". Annals of Botany . 112 (7): 1202. doi:10.1093/aob/mct194. JSTOR   42801588. PMC   3806526 . PMID   23965616.
  15. 1 2 3 Nold, Robert (2003). Columbines: Aquilegia, Paraquilegia, and Semiaquilegia (1st ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 34, 92, 118. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  16. 1 2 Ballerini, Evangeline S.; Min, Ya; Edwards, Molly B.; Kramer, Elena M.; Hodges, Scott A. (8 September 2020). "POPOVICH, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, plays a central role in the development of a key innovation, floral nectar spurs, in Aquilegia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 117 (36). National Academy of Sciences: 22552–22560. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11722552B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006912117 . JSTOR   26969162. PMC   7486772 . PMID   32848061.
  17. ↑ Mabberley, D. J. (1997) [1987]. The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 656. ISBN   978-0-521-41421-0.
  18. 1 2 3 Ballerini, E. S.; Kramer, E. M.; Hodges, S. A. (22 August 2019). "Comparative transcriptomics of early petal development across four diverse species of Aquilegia reveal few genes consistently associated with nectar spur development". BMC Genomics . 20 (1).
  19. 1 2 Gracie, Carol (2012). Spring Wildflowers of the Northeast: A Natural History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 36–40. ISBN   978-0-691-19953-5.
  20. 1 2 "Aquilegia sibirica". Plant Lust. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  21. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica". Alpine Garden Society Plant Encyclopedia. Alpine Garden Society. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  22. 1 2 "Hardy Exotic Plants Suitable for the Gardens of Missouri and Adjoining States". Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. IX (7). Missouri Botanical Garden: 91. September 1921.
  23. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica Lam". Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia. University of Greifswald . Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  24. 1 2 Giordani, Cristiano; Simonetti, Giovanna; Natsagdorj, Damdinsuren; Choijamts, Gotov; Ghirga, Francesca; Calcaterra, Andrea; Quaglio, Deborah; De Angelis, Giulia; Toniolo, Chiara; Pasqua, Gabriella (2020). "Antifungal activity of Mongolian medicinal plant extracts". Natural Product Research . 34 (4). Taylor & Francis: 449–455. doi:10.1080/14786419.2019.1610960. PMID   31135192. S2CID   167220925. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  25. ↑ Ziman, Svetlana N.; Keener, Carl S. (1989). "A Geographical Analysis of the Family Ranunculaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 76 (4). Missouri Botanical Garden: 1021. doi:10.2307/2399690. JSTOR   2399690. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  26. ↑ Printz, Henrik (1921). The Vegetation of the Siberian-Mongolian Frontiers (The Sayansk Region). Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters. p. 50.
  27. ↑ Brianskaia, Elena; Schmieder, Klaus; Boecker, Reinhard; Tubanova, Dolgor; Gyninova, Ayur (October 2021). "Syntaxonomy of peatland vegetation: case study of the central zone of Lake Baikal eastern coast". Plant Biosystems. 155 (5): 1001–1012. doi:10.1080/11263504.2020.1810814.
  28. ↑ "Hardy plants for landscaping and restoration in northern Finland". Environment, Local Society and Sustainable Tourism (PDF). Artic Centre Reports. Vol. 50. University of Lapland. 2007. p. 63. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
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