Aquilegia sibirica

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Aquilegia sibirica
Aquilegia sibirica1.jpg
Aquilegia sibirica (Siberian columbine)
Aquilegia sibirica - Illustration.jpg
Botanical illustration by Pierre Jean François Turpin
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aquilegia
Species:
A. sibirica
Binomial name
Aquilegia sibirica
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Aquilegia bicolorEhrh.
    • Aquilegia grandifloraPatrin ex DC.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. bicolorRegel
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. concolorC.A.Mey.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. discolorC.A.Mey.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. grandifloraDC.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. ircutianaFisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. mediaRapaics
    • Aquilegia sibirica var. stenopetalaRegel
    • Aquilegia speciosaDC.
    • Aquilegia speciosa var. bicolor(Ehrh.) DC.
    • Aquilegia speciosa var. concolorDC.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris var. dauricaWilld.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibiricaL.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris var. speciosaAiton

Aquilegia sibirica, the Siberian columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the north-central Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. [1] [2] A hardy perennial plant, it prefers temperate environments. [1] The Siberian columbine can be between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) tall with flowers that are lilac-blue and white in color. [3]

Contents

A. sibirica diverged as a separate species from Aquilegia ecalcarata –the only Aquilegia species to lack nectar spurs–between 4.5 and 6 million years ago. Crosses between the two species have been studied to determine what gene is responsible for Aquilegia nectar spurs. In Mongolia, A. sibirica is considered a medicinal herb and extracts from the plant have been determined to act as an antifungal agent.

Description

In common with other Aquilegia species, the Siberian columbine possesses nectar spurs. [4] Pollination of A. sibirica is generally caused by bees. [5] [note 1] It is also favored by other pollinators such as butterflies and, in the flower's introduced North American populations, hummingbirds. [6] A. sibirica is resistant to the fungal disease verticillium wilt. [7] The plant prefers temperate environments. Also in common with other Aquilegia, A. sibirica is a hardy perennial plant. [1] [8] A. sibirica grows well in shady settings and tolerates various soils. [7]

The plant has nearly glabrous bi- and triternate leaves with leaflets that run between one and two inches across. [3] Stems are leafless, with many terminating in flowers. [9] Siberian columbine flowers are lilac-blue to white. [10] The flower is bisexual and features fruit that is indehiscent (meaning it does not split to release seeds) in the form of a follicle. [11] The plant may be between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) tall in height. [3] In northern latitudes, the flower blooms between May and June. [10]

Petals on A. sibirica develop a curvature relatively early and at a shorter length–between 1 centimetre (0.39 in) and 2 centimetres (0.79 in)–than other Aquilegia species. The petals fold longitudinally. As nectar spurs of different Aquilegia species develop, they demonstrate greater variance. In the case of A. sibirica's nectar spurs, they possess greater curvature than those of A. formosa and A. chrysantha . [5]

Phytochemistry

The plant has been considered a medicinal herb in Mongolia. Considered a "major therapeutic drug" in Asian traditional medicine, it has been used to treat diseases in women, asthma, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. It was also known to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus , one of the bacteria responsible for staphylococcal infections. [12]

In the 21st century, extracts from A. sibirica have been researched for and found to possess antifungal qualities. Extracts showed the presence of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Extractions performed with heat and methanol extracted more of the medically relevant compounds than those performed at room temperature or with other solvents. [12]

Taxonomy and evolution

The Siberian columbine was first described with the binomial Aquilegia sibirica in 1783 within Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's botanical volume for Encyclopédie Méthodique . [13] [14] The plant had been previously described as Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibirica in 1767 within the 12th edition of Systema Naturae by Carl Linnaeus. [15] All 15 of the synonyms of A. sibirica are heterotypic synonyms, ones where the type specimen does not match or they have a different taxonomic rank. [1]

Table of Synonyms [1]
NameYearRank
Aquilegia bicolorEhrh.1793species
Aquilegia grandifloraPatrin ex DC.1817species
Aquilegia sibirica var. bicolorRegel1862variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. concolorC.A.Mey.1830variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. discolorC.A.Mey.1830variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. grandifloraDC.1817variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. ircutianaFisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.1846variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. mediaRapaics1909variety
Aquilegia sibirica var. stenopetalaRegel1856variety
Aquilegia speciosaDC.1817species
Aquilegia speciosa var. bicolor(Ehrh.) DC.1817variety
Aquilegia speciosa var. concolorDC.1817variety
Aquilegia vulgaris var. dauricaWilld.1800variety
Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibiricaL.1767variety
Aquilegia vulgaris var. speciosaAiton1789variety

Aquilegia species evolved relatively quickly after first appearing during the Late Miocene around 6.9 million years ago in East Asia. Aquilegia species diversified quickly and spread into both Europe and North America before migrating back into Asia. As a result, they are a well-known model system in evolutionary biology but confirming an accurate phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the species in the genus has proved difficult. A. sibirica, though native to Asia, is closely related to A. vulgaris of Central Europe. [16]

By 1892, the Siberian columbine was also identified as a close relative of the northern North American Aquilegia brevistyla , the smallflower columbine. [17] The plant's appearance is very proximate to that of Aquilegia flabellata native to the Japanese Alps. [8] [18] A. sibirica is considered a member of the A. flabellata species complex. [19] [note 2] A wild hybrid between A. sibirica and Aquilegia glandulosa , Aquilegia × gubanovii, was identified in Mongolia in 1991. [22] A. sibirica and Aquilegia ecalcarata diverged as separate species between 4.5 and 6 million years ago and remain cross-compatible. [23] Philip A. Munz identified that it had been hybridized with A. vulgaris to produce to produce A. ×garnieriana. [24]

Crosses between A. sibirica and A. ecalcarata–the only Aquilegia species that lacks nectar spurs on its petals–have been studied to identify the gene responsible for spurred petals. The nectar spurs present in Aquilegia are an unusual evolutionary trait. In order to determine the gene responsible for the trait, a 2020 paper by researchers from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Harvard University, and Stanford University utilized A. sibirica (alongside A. chrysantha and A. formosa) as a spurred Aquilegia taxa to compare against the spurless species. This research identified a gene named POPVICH (POP) as responsible for cell proliferation during the early stage of spur development. POP appeared at higher levels in the pedals of the spurred Aquilegia studied than in A. ecalcarata. [25] [4] [note 3]

Aquilegia daingolica is a stabilized ancient hybrid of A. glandulosa, Aquilegia oxysepala , and probably A. sibirica. It is similar in its flowers and fruit aggregates to A. glandulosa and in its dark anthers and black clublike spur tips to A. oxysepala, but the form of its spurs differentiates it from all other Asian forms of Aquilegia. [27]

Distribution

Stands of Aquilegia sibirica in Ergaki Nature Park, Russia Akvilegiia (vodosborka).jpg
Stands of Aquilegia sibirica in Ergaki Nature Park, Russia

The 70 to 80 Aquilegia species are distributed in the Circumboreal Region, ranging between Eurasia and North America. [6] Aquilegia sibirica is native to the north-central Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. [1] When considered alongside the distribution of the closely related and similarly lowland species A. vulgaris, A. sibirica's current distribution suggests the possibility of a historical vegetation system that linked Central Europe with Siberia. [16] The population in Middle Siberia is considered a quaternary relict (a population that once possessed a broader range in an earlier geologic epoch). [28]

In open portions of the taiga in the Siberian Sayansky District, Siberian columbines and other vascular plants were found in 1921 to form a dense, two-meter-tall vegetation that can obscure the view of people traversing through these areas. [29] A. sibirica has also been found in the herb layer of the peatlands along Lake Baikal's eastern coast. [30] It generally is found in lower elevation habitats while Aquilegia glandulosa occupies higher areas in roughly the same regions. [24]

Cultivation

Siberian columbine is cultivated in gardens globally. [24] The flower was introduced to the United States by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1933; these seeds were presented to the United States by A. P. Iljinski, the chief botanist of the Botanic Garden, Leningrad, on behalf of the Soviet Union. [3] [note 4] Finnish research has suggested that A. sibirica is among the Siberian and Far Eastern plants that could prove valuable for northern landscaping. [31]

Notes

  1. ↑ Other pollinators are more prevalent among other Aquilegia species, such as hummingbirds for A. formosa and hawk moths for A. chrysantha. [5]
  2. ↑ Historically, A. flabellata was considered a blue variety of the Siberian columbine with the homotypic synonyms Aquilegia sibirica var. flatbellata and Aquilegia sibirica var. japonica. [18] [20] [21]
  3. ↑ As distinct from Semiaquilegia , a genus in the Ranunculaceae family that resemble Aquilegia but are spurless. [26]
  4. ↑ The A. sibirica seeds were given alongside seeds for other plant species, including 12 additional species of Aquilegia. [3]

Related Research Articles

<i>Aquilegia</i> Genus of perennial plants (columbine)

Aquilegia is a genus of about 130 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher elevations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.

<i>Aquilegia coerulea</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia coerulea, the Colorado columbine, Rocky Mountain columbine, or blue columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains and some of the surrounding states of the western United States. It is the state flower of Colorado. The Latin specific name coerulea means "sky blue".

<i>Aquilegia chrysantha</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia chrysantha, the golden columbine, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The plant, with a height of between 40 centimetres (16 in) and 120 centimetres (47 in), has yellow flowers. A. chrysantha. as with other members of the Aquilegia coerulea species complex, is evolved for pollination by hawkmoth. It favors moist environments in its mountainous range.

<i>Aquilegia micrantha <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> grahamii</i> Variety of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia micrantha var. grahamii, common name Graham's columbine, is a variety of perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to Utah in the United States.

<i>Aquilegia flabellata</i> East Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia flabellata, common name fan columbine or dwarf columbine, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to North and East Asia.

<i>Aquilegia longissima</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia longissima, the long-spur columbine or long-spurred columbine, is a rare perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae that is native to northern Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.

<i>Aquilegia olympica</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia olympica is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Turkey, Iran, and the Caucasus.

<i>Aquilegia viridiflora</i> Species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia viridiflora, commonly known as the green columbine or green-flowered columbine, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to southern Siberia, northern China, Mongolia, and Japan.

<i>Aquilegia ottonis</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia ottonis is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to Greece.

<i>Aquilegia ecalcarata</i> Chinese endemic species of columbine

Aquilegia ecalcarata, the spurless columbine or false columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to central China.

<i>Aquilegia rockii</i> Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia rockii is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to southern China.

<i>Aquilegia parviflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia parviflora is a species of flowering plant of the Aquilegia (columbine) genus in the family Ranunculaceae native to the Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, northern China, and Sakhalin. Its comparatively small blue-purple flowers give the plant its name and make it less popular with gardeners than other columbines.

<i>Aquilegia moorcroftiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia moorcroftiana is a species of flowering plant in the genus Aquilegia (columbines) in the family Ranunculaceae native to central Asia with a range spanning Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Nepal, and Tibet. A. moorcroftiana grows at the highest elevation of any species of columbine, with examples frequently found at over 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) of elevation.

<i>Aquilegia glandulosa</i> North Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia glandulosa, the Altai columbine or Siberian columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern and central Asia.

<i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> Species of flowering plants

Aquilegia micrantha, the Mancos columbine or Bluff City columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Utah, Colorado, and Arizona.

<i>Aquilegia amaliae</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia amaliae, common name Amalia's columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the southern Balkans.

Aquilegia aradanica is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to Siberia.

<i>Aquilegia amurensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia amurensis is a partially accepted species of flowering plant in the genus Aquilegia (columbines) in the family Ranunculaceae that is native to the northeastern Asian. Its natural range is in the northern Greater Khingan mountain range and Amur River of China, as well as Siberian Russia, Mongolia, and possibly North Korea. Flowers of this plant have petal blades that are whitish or white-tipped, with blue-violet nectar spurs and sepals. The plant is rarely cultivated.

<i>Aquilegia chaplinei</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia chaplinei, also known as Chaplin's columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the arid Guadalupe and Sacramento Mountains of West Texas and southeastern New Mexico in the West South Central United States. A perennial plant with an average height of 40 centimetres (16 in), A. chaplinei is characterized as a dwarf version of its close relative Aquilegia chrysantha and is sometimes considered a variant of this species.

<i>Aquilegia daingolica</i> Species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia daingolica is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to Mongolia.

References

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  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press. 5 February 2013. p. 269. ISBN   978-0-12-384720-1 . Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Inventory No. 115: Plant Material Introduced by the Division of Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, April 1 to June 30, 1933 (No. 102378–103406). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. July 1935. p. 44. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  4. 1 2 Ballerini, Evangeline S.; Min, Ya; Edwards, Molly B.; Kramer, Elena M.; Hodges, Scott A. (8 September 2020). "POPOVICH, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, plays a central role in the development of a key innovation, floral nectar spurs, in Aquilegia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 117 (36). National Academy of Sciences: 22552–22560. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11722552B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006912117 . JSTOR   26969162. PMC   7486772 . PMID   32848061.
  5. 1 2 3 Ballerini, E. S.; Kramer, E. M.; Hodges, S. A. (22 August 2019). "Comparative transcriptomics of early petal development across four diverse species of Aquilegia reveal few genes consistently associated with nectar spur development". BMC Genomics . 20 (1).
  6. 1 2 Gracie, Carol (2012). Spring Wildflowers of the Northeast: A Natural History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 36–40. ISBN   978-0-691-19953-5.
  7. 1 2 "Aquilegia sibirica". Plant Lust. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  8. 1 2 "Columbines". University of Saskatchewan. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  9. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica". Alpine Garden Society Plant Encyclopedia. Alpine Garden Society. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  10. 1 2 "Hardy Exotic Plants Suitable for the Gardens of Missouri and Adjoining States". Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. IX (7). Missouri Botanical Garden: 91. September 1921.
  11. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica Lam". Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia. University of Greifswald . Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  12. 1 2 Giordani, Cristiano; Simonetti, Giovanna; Natsagdorj, Damdinsuren; Choijamts, Gotov; Ghirga, Francesca; Calcaterra, Andrea; Quaglio, Deborah; De Angelis, Giulia; Toniolo, Chiara; Pasqua, Gabriella (2020). "Antifungal activity of Mongolian medicinal plant extracts". Natural Product Research . 34 (4). Taylor & Francis: 449–455. doi:10.1080/14786419.2019.1610960. PMID   31135192. S2CID   167220925. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  13. ↑ "Aquilegia sibirica". International Plant Names Index . Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  14. ↑ Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de; Poiret, Jean Louis Marie (1783). Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Panckoucke. p. 150. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  15. ↑ "Aquilegia vulgaris var. sibirica". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  16. 1 2 Fior, Simone; Li, Mingai; Oxelman, Bengt; Viola, Roberto; Hodges, Scott A.; Ometto, Lino; Varotto, Claudio (5 February 2013). "Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the Aquilegia rapid radiation through next-generation sequencing of rapidly evolving cpDNA regions". New Phytologist . 198 (2). Wiley-Blackwell: 325–633. doi: 10.1111/nph.12163 . PMID   23379348.
  17. ↑ Brühl, P. (1892). "De Ranunculaceis Indicis Disputationes". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (in Latin) (3). Asiatic Society of Bengal: 319.
  18. 1 2 Takeda, H. (1913). The Vegetation of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge Botany School. p. 15.
  19. ↑ Taylor, Ronald J. (1967). "Interspecific Hybridization and Its Evolutionary Significance in the Genus Aquilegia". Brittonia . 19 (4): 375.
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  21. ↑ "Aquilegia flabellata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  22. ↑ "Aquilegia × gubanovii Kamelin". International Plant Names Index . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  23. ↑ Levin, Donald A. (2013). "The timetable for allopolyploidy in flowering plants". Annals of Botany . 112 (7): 1202. doi:10.1093/aob/mct194. JSTOR   42801588. PMC   3806526 . PMID   23965616.
  24. 1 2 3 Nold, Robert (2003). Columbines: Aquilegia, Paraquilegia, and Semiaquilegia (1st ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 34, 92, 118. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  25. ↑ Ballerini, Evangeline S.; Min, Ya; Edwards, Molly B.; Kramer, Elena M.; Hodges, Scott A. (September 8, 2020). "POPOVICH, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, plays a central role in the development of a key innovation, floral nectar spurs, in Aquilegia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 117 (36): 22552–22553. JSTOR   26969162.
  26. ↑ Mabberley, D. J. (1997) [1987]. The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 656. ISBN   978-0-521-41421-0.
  27. ↑ Erst, A. S.; Shaulo, D. N.; Kuznetzov, A. A. (2013). "Aquilegia daingolica (Ranunculaceae) – новый вид из Монголии" [Aquilegia daingolica (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Mongolia]. Систематические заметки по материалам гербария имени П.Н. Крылова Томского государственного университета (in Russian). 108: 14–22. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  28. ↑ Ziman, Svetlana N.; Keener, Carl S. (1989). "A Geographical Analysis of the Family Ranunculaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 76 (4). Missouri Botanical Garden: 1021. doi:10.2307/2399690. JSTOR   2399690. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  29. ↑ Printz, Henrik (1921). The Vegetation of the Siberian-Mongolian Frontiers (The Sayansk Region). Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters. p. 50.
  30. ↑ Brianskaia, Elena; Schmieder, Klaus; Boecker, Reinhard; Tubanova, Dolgor; Gyninova, Ayur (October 2021). "Syntaxonomy of peatland vegetation: case study of the central zone of Lake Baikal eastern coast". Plant Biosystems. 155 (5): 1001–1012. doi:10.1080/11263504.2020.1810814.
  31. ↑ "Hardy plants for landscaping and restoration in northern Finland". Environment, Local Society and Sustainable Tourism (PDF). Artic Centre Reports. Vol. 50. University of Lapland. 2007. p. 63. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
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