Archiacanthocephala

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Archiacanthocephala
Apororhynchus hemignathi.png
Apororhynchus hemignathi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Class: Archiacanthocephala
Meyer, 1931 [1]
Orders

Archiacanthocephala is a class within the phylum of Acanthocephala. [2] They are parasitic worms that attach themselves to the intestinal wall of terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. They are characterised by the body wall and the lemnisci (which are a bundle of sensory nerve fibers), which have nuclei that divide without spindle formation, or the appearance of chromosomes, or it has a few amoebae-like giant nuclei.[ clarification needed ] Typically, there are eight separate cement glands in the male, which is one of the few ways to distinguish the dorsal and ventral sides of these organisms.

Contents

Taxonomy

Genetic data are not available for the genus Apororhynchus in public databases, and Apororhynchus has not been included in phylogenetic analyses thus far due to insufficiency of morphological data. However, the lack of features such as an absence of a muscle plate, a midventral longitudinal muscle, lateral receptacle flexors, and an apical sensory organ when compared to the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala indicate it is an early offshoot (basal). [3]

Archiacanthocephala
Archiacanthocephala
Phylogenetic reconstruction for select species in the class Archiacanthocephala [4]

Description

All species in the class Archiacanthocephala are terrestrial and use terrestrial insects and myriapods as intermediate hosts and predatory birds and mammals as a primary host. [5] They attach themselves to the intestinal wall using a hook covered proboscis. The worms are also characterised by the body wall and the lemnisci (which are a bundle of sensory nerve fibers), [6] which have nuclei that divide without spindle formation or the appearance of chromosomes or it has a few amoebae-like giant nuclei. [4]

Orders

There are four orders in the class Archiacanthocephala:

The order Apororhynchida contains only one family, Apororhynchidae, and one genus Apororhynchus which contains six species. [7] The type species is A. hemignathi (Shipley, 1896). [8] A lack of features commonly found in the phylum Acanthocephala (primarily musculature) suggests an evolutionary branching from the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala; [3] however no genetic analysis has been completed to determine the evolutionary relationship between species. [9] The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is a highly enlarged proboscis which contain small hooks. The musculature around the proboscis (the proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor) is also structured differently in this order. [3] The six species are distributed globally, being collected sporadically in Hawaii, Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. [8] These worms exclusively parasitize birds by attaching themselves around the cloaca using their hook-covered proboscis. [10] The bird hosts are of different orders, including owls, [11] waders, [10] and passerines. [12] Infestation by an Apororhynchus species may cause enteritis and anemia. [13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Meyer, A.: Neue Acanthocephalen aus dem Berliner Museum. Begründung eines neuen Acanthocephalensystems auf Grund einer Untersuchung der Berliner Sammlung. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematick, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 62, 1931, p. 65-68.
  2. ↑ Crompton, David William Thomasson; Nickol, Brent B. (1985). Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN   978-0-521-24674-3.
  3. 1 2 3 Herlyn, H. (2017). "Organization and evolution of the proboscis musculature in avian parasites of the genus Apororhynchus (Acanthocephala: Apororhynchida)". Parasitology Research. 116 (7): 1801–1810. doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5440-z. PMID   28488043. S2CID   25875565.
  4. 1 2 Nascimento Gomes, Ana Paula; Cesário, Clarice Silva; Olifiers, Natalie; de Cassia Bianchi, Rita; Maldonado, Arnaldo; Vilela, Roberto do Val (December 2019). "New morphological and genetic data of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 10: 281–288. Bibcode:2019IJPPW..10..281N. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.008. PMC   6906829 . PMID   31867208.
  5. ↑ Ribas A; Casanova JC; Poulin R (2006). "Acanthocephalans". In Morand S; Krasnov BR (eds.). Micromammals and macroparasites. From Evolutionary Ecology to Management. Tokyo: Springer–Verlag. pp. 81–90.
  6. ↑ Herlyn, Holger; Taraschewski, Horst (2017-04-01). "Evolutionary anatomy of the muscular apparatus involved in the anchoring of Acanthocephala to the intestinal wall of their vertebrate hosts" . Parasitology Research. 116 (4): 1207–1225. doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5398-x. ISSN   1432-1955. PMID   28233104.
  7. ↑ Omar M. Amin. "Acanthocephala" – via ResearchGate.
  8. 1 2 Amin, O. M. (2013). "Classification of the Acanthocephala" (PDF). Folia Parasitologica. 60 (4): 275. doi: 10.14411/fp.2013.031 . PMID   24261131. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  9. ↑ Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard; O’Neill, Kathleen; Robbertse, Barbara; Sharma, Shobha; Soussov, Vladimir; Sullivan, John P; Sun, Lu; Turner, Seán; Karsch-Mizrachi, Ilene (2020). "NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools". Database: The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation. doi:10.1093/database/baaa062. PMC   7408187 . PMID   32761142 . Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  10. 1 2 Khokhlova, I. G.; Cimbaluk, A. K. (1971). "Acanthocephala of the genus Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 and a description of A. paulonucleatus n.sp". KOLOS: 426–431.
  11. ↑ Sen, J. K. (1975). "On a new species of Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 (Apororhynchoidea: Apororhynchidae) from India". In Tiwara, K. K.; Srivastava, C. B. (eds.). Dr. B. S. Chauhan Commemorative Volume. Orissa, India: Zoological Society of India. pp. 211–213.
  12. ↑ Byrd, Elon E.; Denton, J. Fred (1949). "The Helminth Parasites of Birds. II. A New Species of Acanthocephala from North American Birds". The Journal of Parasitology. 35 (4): 391–410. doi:10.2307/3273430. JSTOR   3273430. PMID   18133320.
  13. ↑ "Summary of parasites and diseases known from Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily Drepanidinae). Adapted from van Riper and van Riper 1985". Birds of North America. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.


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