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Myliobatiformes is one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more recent phylogenetic studies have shown the myliobatiforms to be a monophyletic group, and its more derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.
Scyliorhinus is a genus of catsharks in the family Scyliorhinidae. This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous period, late Albian age to the Pliocene epoch.
Requiem sharks are sharks of the family Carcharhinidae in the order Carcharhiniformes. They are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas and include such species as the bull shark, lemon shark, blacktip shark, and whitetip reef shark.
The Hexanchiformes are a primitive order of sharks, numbering just seven extant species in two families. Fossil sharks that were apparently very similar to modern sevengill species are known from Jurassic specimens.
The Lamniformes are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks. It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white, as well as more unusual representatives, such as the goblin shark and megamouth shark.
Carpet sharks are sharks classified in the order Orectolobiformes. Sometimes the common name "carpet shark" is used interchangeably with "wobbegong", which is the common name of sharks in the family Orectolobidae. Carpet sharks have five gill slits, two spineless dorsal fins, and a small mouth that does not extend past the eyes. Many species have barbels.
A headstander is any of several species of South American fish, including Anostomus ternetzi, Anostomus anostomus and members of genus Chilodus from the family Chilodontidae. The name derives from their habit of swimming at a 45° angle, head pointed downwards, as if "standing on their heads".
Xenacanthida is an order or superorder of extinct shark-like chondrichthyans known from the Carboniferous to Triassic. They were native to freshwater, marginal marine and shallow marine habitats. Some xenacanths may have grown to lengths of 5 m (16 ft). Most xenacanths died out at the end of the Permian in the End-Permian Mass Extinction, with only a few forms surviving into the Triassic.
Hybodus is an extinct genus of hybodont that lived from the Middle Triassic to the Late Cretaceous periods. Species closely related to the type species Hybodus reticulatus lived during the Early Jurassic epoch. Numerous species have been assigned to Hybodus spanning a large period of time, and it is currently considered a wastebasket taxon that is 'broadly polyphyletic' and requires reexamination.
Myliobatis is a genus of eagle rays in the family Myliobatidae.
Gymnothorax is a genus of fish in the family Muraenidae found in Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. With more than 120 species, it the most speciose genus of moray eels.
Himantura is a genus of stingray in the family Dasyatidae that is native to the Indo-Pacific. In a 2016 taxonomic revision, many of the species formerly assigned to Himantura were reassigned to other genera.
Hybodontiformes, commonly called hybodonts, are an extinct group of shark-like cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyans) which existed from the late Devonian to the Late Cretaceous. Hybodonts share a close common ancestry with modern sharks and rays (Neoselachii) as part of the clade Euselachii. They are distinguished from other chondrichthyans by their distinctive fin spines and cephalic spines present on the heads of males. An ecologically diverse group, they were abundant in marine and freshwater environments during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, but were rare in open marine environments by the end of the Jurassic, having been largely replaced by modern sharks, though they were still common in freshwater and marginal marine habitats. They survived until the end of the Cretaceous, before going extinct.
Paraorthacodus is an extinct genus of shark. It a member of the family Paraorthacodontidae, which is either placed in Hexanchiformes or in Synechodontiformes. It is known from over a dozen named species spanning from the Early Jurassic to the Paleocene, or possibly Eocene. Almost all members of the genus are exclusively known from isolated teeth, with the exception of P. jurensis from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of Europe, which is known from full body fossils from the Late Jurassic of Germany, which suggest that juveniles had a robust body with a round head, while adults had large body sizes with a fusiform profile. There was only a single dorsal fin towards the back of the body without a fin spine. The dentition had teeth with a single large central cusp along with shorter lateral cusplets, which where designed for clutching. The teeth are distinguished from those of Synechodus by the lateral cusplets decreasing in size linearly away from the central cusp rather than exponentially as in Synechodus.
Batoidea is a superorder of cartilaginous fishes, commonly known as rays. They and their close relatives, the sharks, comprise the subclass Elasmobranchii. Rays are the largest group of cartilaginous fishes, with well over 600 species in 26 families. Rays are distinguished by their flattened bodies, enlarged pectoral fins that are fused to the head, and gill slits that are placed on their ventral surfaces.
Chilodus is a genus of extant chilodontid (characiform) headstanders from South America They live in the Orinoco and Amazon Basins, as well as in various rivers in the Guianas. The currently described, valid species in this genus are:
Pseudocorax is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains six valid species that have been found in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and North America. It was formerly assigned to the family Anacoracidae, but is now placed in its own family Pseudocoracidae along with Galeocorax. The former species "P." australis and "P." primulus have been reidentified as species of Echinorhinus and Squalicorax, respectively.
Rhinopristiformes is an order of rays, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks, containing shovelnose rays and allied groups.
Synechodontiformes is an extinct order of prehistoric shark-like cartilaginous fish, known from the Permian to the Paleogene. They are considered to be members of Neoselachii, the group that contains modern sharks and rays.
Anotodus is an extinct genus of thresher sharks that lived during the Neogene. It contains one valid species, A. retroflexus, which has been found in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Greenfield, T. (2024). "Arthrobatidae nom. nov., a replacement for the invalid name Arthropteridae Jordan, 1905 (?Chondrichthyes, ?Batomorphii)". Zootaxa. 5433 (2): 299–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5433.2.9.
- 1 2 3 Whitley, G.P. (1940). "The Nomenclator Zoologicus and some new fish names". The Australian Naturalist. 10 (7): 241–243.
- 1 2 3 Agassiz, J.L.R. (1837–1843). Recherches sur les poissons fossiles. Tome III. Neuchâtel, CH & Soleure, CH: Petitpierre & Jent et Gassmann. p. 379. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.4275 .
- 1 2 Jordan, D.S. (1905). A Guide to the Study of Fishes. Vol I. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. p. 553. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.57157 .
- 1 2 Macleay, W.S. (1838). Illustrations of the Annulosa of South Africa; Being a Portion of the Objects of Natural History Chiefly Collected During an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, Under the Direction of Dr. Andrew Smith, in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836; Fitted Out by "The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa". London, UK: Smith, Elder and Co. p. 75. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.10416 .
- 1 2 Giebel, C.G.A. (1848). Fauna der Vorwelt mit steter Berücksichtigung der lebenden Thiere. Erster Band: Wirbelthiere. Dritte Abtheilung: Fische. Leipzig, DE: F.A. Brockhaus. pp. 295 431. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.24938 .
- ↑ Bleeker, P. (1859). "Enumeratio specierum piscium hucusque in Archipelago Indico observatorum, adjectis habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum recentiores reperiuntur, nec non speciebus Musei Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus Tasmanicisque". Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae. 6 (3): i–xxxvi, 1–276.
- ↑ Günther, A.C.L.G. (1880). An Introduction to the Study of Fishes. Edinburgh, UK: Adam and Charles Black. p. 342. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.16294 .
- ↑ Cappetta, H. (1987). Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Volume 3B. Chondrichthyes II. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii. Stuttgart, DE: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 135.
- ↑ Stumpf, S.; Kriwet, J. (2019). "A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns". PalZ. 93 (4): 637–658. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00451-4. ISSN 1867-6812.