Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles

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Men's 110 metres hurdles
at the Games of the XXVII Olympiad
Men's 110 m hurdle final 2000 Olympics.jpg
Finish of the final
Venue Stadium Australia
Date24 & 25 September
Competitors44 from 31 nations
Winning time13.00
Medalists
Gold medal icon.svg Anier García
Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba
Silver medal icon.svg Terrence Trammell
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Bronze medal icon.svg Mark Crear
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
  1996
2004  
Video on YouTube Official Video Highlights
@10:00 TV-icon-2.svg
Video on YouTube Official Video Highlights
@10:00

The men's 110 metre hurdles at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics programme were held at Stadium Australia on Sunday 24 September and Monday 25 September 2000. [1] Forty-four athletes from 31 nations competed. [2] The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by Anier García of Cuba, the nation's first championship in the event and first medal in the event since 1980. Mark Crear's bronze made him the 10th man to win a second medal in the event.

Summary

After a false start eliminated nobody, on the second try the field started even. Anier García accelerated his first few steps better and gained a few centimeter lead over the first barrier, which he rattled. Typically fast starting Terrence Trammell was just slightly awkward on his second step losing a slight amount of ground. Defending champion Allen Johnson was close to Garcia, and even after clobbering the first two hurdles, he was pulling even. The entire lead group hit the third hurdle, by now Johnson and Garcia had a clear lead, with Trammell a clear third place. Johnson continued to hit hurdles, losing ground to Garcia, while Mark Crear was emerging ahead of world record holder Colin Jackson by not touching his hurdles while Jackson hit hurdle 4 awkwardly enough to pull him out of contention. Johnson hit the ninth hurdle with his lead heel, not even close to getting over the hurdle. The awkwardness of riding the last hurdle down to the ground lost his forward momentum. Garcia had a metre and a half lead at the finish over Trammell, and while Crear did hit the last hurdle he was able to beat Johnson to the line for bronze.

Background

This was the 24th appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. The top four finishers from 1996 all returned, along with one other finalist: gold medalist Allen Johnson and silver medalist Mark Crear of the United States, bronze medalist Florian Schwarthoff of Germany (who had also finished fifth in 1992), fourth-place finisher Colin Jackson of Great Britain, and seventh-place finisher Kyle Vander-Kuyp of Australia. Jackson had been in the last three finals, taking silver in 1988 and seventh in 1992. As in 1996, the favorites were Johnson and Jackson (winners of the last four world championships), though Anier García of Cuba had emerged as a challenger after taking second in the 1999 worlds. [2]

Barbados, Liberia, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Trinidad and Tobago each made their first appearance in the event. The United States made its 23rd appearance, most of any nation (having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games).

Qualification

Each National Olympic Committee was permitted to enter up to three athletes that had run 13.70 seconds or faster during the qualification period. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. If an NOC had no athletes that qualified under that standard, one athlete that had run 13.85 seconds or faster could be entered. [3]

Competition format

The competition used the four-round format previously used in 1960 and since 1988, still using the eight-man semifinals and finals used since 1964. The "fastest loser" system, also introduced in 1964, was used in the first round.

The top four runners in each of the initial six heats automatically qualified for the second round. The next eight fastest runners from across the heats also qualified. Those 32 runners competed in 4 heats in the quarterfinals, with the top four runners from each heat qualifying for the semifinals. There were two semifinals, and only the top four from each heat advanced to the final. [2] [4]

Records

These were the standing world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics.

World recordFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Colin Jackson  (GBR)12.91 Stuttgart, Germany20 August 1993
Olympic recordFlag of the United States.svg  Allen Johnson  (USA)12.95 Atlanta, United States29 July 1996

No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition. The following national records were established during the competition:

NationAthleteRoundTime
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti Dudley Dorival Heat 213.33
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe Arlindo Pinheiro Heat 615.65
Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba Anier García Final13.00

Schedule

All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)

DateTimeRound
Sunday, 24 September 200010:00
20:20
Round 1
Quarterfinals
Monday, 25 September 200018:40
20:40
Semifinals
Final

Results

Round 1

Heat 1

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
12 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.22813.44 [5] Q
21 Staņislavs Olijars Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia 0.22813.56 [5] Q
38 Kyle Vander-Kuyp Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 0.15213.67 [5] Q
45 Paul Sehzue Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 0.21614.18 [5] Q
55 Charles Allen Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 0.22514.21 [5]
66 Ralf Leberer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.16456.74 [5] q
7 Tony Jarrett Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.178 sDSQ [5] R163.2
3 Marcin Kuśzewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 0.200 sDNF [5]
Wind: -0.9 m/s

Heat 2

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
14 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 0.20313.33Q, NR
21 Yoel Hernández Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.17313.53Q
3 Shaun Bownes Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 0.18713.53Q
48 Falk Balzer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.18313.67Q
55 Steve Brown Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 0.18213.92q
67 Peter Coghlan Flag of Ireland (3-2).svg  Ireland 0.19814.03q
72 Robert Foster Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 0.22114.33
6 Mubarak Mubarak Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 0.423DSQ
Wind: +0.4 m/s

Heat 3

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
18 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.23513.60Q
24 Andrey Kislykh Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 0.16713.77Q
35 Balázs Kovács Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 0.14013.83Q
48 Jean-Marc Grava Flag of France.svg  France 0.20014.01Q
53 Gabriel Burnett Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 0.25814.23
62 Raphaël Monachon Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 0.22114.80
77 Zhivko Videnov Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 0.122DNF
Wind: +0.3 m/s

Heat 4

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
16 Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.16213.55Q
24 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0.26413.58Q
31 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.25013.59Q
48 Emiliano Pizzoli Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 0.15813.65Q
53 Marcio Simao de Souza Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 0.17013.70q
67 Jeff Jackson Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  Virgin Islands 0.20814.05q
75 Victor Houston Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 0.23014.06
82 Paolo Della Santa Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 0.19014.12
Wind: -0.6 m/s

Heat 5

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
13 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.17413.50Q
27 Evgeny Pechenkin Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 0.21613.56Q
36 Jonathan Nsenga Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 0.18513.57Q
42 Elmar Lichtenegger Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 0.21213.65Q
58 Levente Csillag Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 0.25713.66q
65 Joseph-Berlioz Randriamihaja Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 0.21813.86q
74 Damien Greaves Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.30314.01q
Wind: +0.1 m/s

Heat 6

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
11 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.13513.38Q
27 Tomasz Ścigaczewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 0.16613.53Q
35 Andrea Giaconi Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 0.20313.62Q
42 Adrian Woodley Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 0.17513.71Q
53 Satoru Tanigawa Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 0.14313.74q
64 Arlindo Pinheiro Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 0.23315.65NR
6 Robin Korving Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands DNS
8 Igor Kováč Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia DNS
Wind: -0.8 m/s

Overall results for round 1

RankAthleteNationHeatLanePlaceTimeQual.Record
1 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 24113.33 sQNR
2 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 61113.38 sQ
3 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 12113.44 sQ
4 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 53113.50 sQ
5 Shaun Bownes Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 23213.53 sQ
Yoel Hernández Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 21213.53 sQ
Tomasz Ścigaczewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 67213.53 sQ
8 Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 46113.55 sQ
9 Staņislavs Olijars Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia 11213.56 sQ
Evgeny Pechenkin Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 57213.56 sQ
11 Jonathan Nsenga Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 56313.57 sQ
12 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 44213.58 sQ
13 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 41313.59 sQ
14 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 38113.60 sQ
15 Andrea Giaconi Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 65313.62 sQ
16 Elmar Lichtenegger Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 52413.65 sQ
Emiliano Pizzoli Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 48413.65 sQ
18 Levente Csillag Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 58513.66 sq
19 Falk Balzer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 28413.67 sQ
Kyle Vander-Kuyp Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 18313.67 sQ
21 Marcio Simao de Souza Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 43513.70 sq
22 Adrian Woodley Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 62413.71 sQ
23 Satoru Tanigawa Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 63513.74 sq
24 Andrey Kislykh Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 34213.77 sQ
25 Balázs Kovács Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 35313.83 sQ
26 Joseph-Berlioz Randriamihaja Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 55613.86 sq
27 Steve Brown Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 25513.92 sq
28 Jean-Marc Grava Flag of France.svg  France 36414.01 sQ
Damien Greaves Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 54714.01 sq
30 Peter Coghlan Flag of Ireland (3-2).svg  Ireland 27614.03 sq
31 Jeff Jackson Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  Virgin Islands 47614.05 sq
32 Victor Houston Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 45714.06 s
33 Paolo Della Santa Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 42814.12 s
34 Paul Sehzue Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 15414.18 sQ
35 Charles Tyrone Allen Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 14514.21 s
36 Gabriel Burnett Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 33514.23 s
37 Robert Foster Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 22714.33 s
38 Raphael Monachon Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 32614.80 s
39 Arlindo Pinheiro Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 64615.65 sNR
40 Ralf Leberer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 16656.74 sq
Tony Jarrett Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 17DQ
Mubarak Mubarak Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 26DQ
Marcin Kuśzewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 13DNF
Zhivko Videnov Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 37DNF
Robin Korving Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 13DNS
Igor Kováč Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 68DNS

Quarterfinals

Quarterfinal 1

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
13 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.20713.53Q
27 Falk Balzer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.20613.59Q
34 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.14413.60Q
46 Evgeny Pechenkin Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 0.15513.69Q
58 Emiliano Pizzoli Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 0.15313.69
65 Jonathan Nsenga Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 0.15213.73
71 Satoru Tanigawa Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 0.15713.94
82 Damien Greaves Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.23914.08
Wind: +0.3 m/s

Quarterfinal 2

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
14 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 0.18013.49Q
25 Shaun Bownes Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 0.20313.54Q
33 Tomasz Ścigaczewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 0.21013.60Q
48 Kyle Vander-Kuyp Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 0.16313.62Q
59 Ralf Leberer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.14113.73
67 Levente Csillag Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 0.18313.75
76 Andrea Giaconi Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 0.16813.93
81 Jeff Jackson Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  Virgin Islands 0.24814.17
92 Paul Sehzue Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 0.22014.37
Wind: +0.5 m/s

Quarterfinal 3

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
13 Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.19013.54Q
25 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.15413.55Q
36 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0.20513.56Q
48 Elmar Lichtenegger Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 0.19613.73Q
54 Andrey Kislykh Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 0.15414.03
61 Adrian Woodley Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 0.17814.04
77 Joseph-Berlioz Randriamihaja Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 0.23314.07
82 Steve Brown Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 0.20214.12
Wind: -0.6 m/s

Quarterfinal 4

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
14 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.13613.27Q
26 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.15413.29Q
33 Staņislavs Olijars Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia 0.16413.34Q
45 Yoel Hernández Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.17613.40Q
51 Marcio Simao de Souza Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 0.15413.71
62 Balázs Kovács Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 0.15513.78
77 Peter Coghlan Flag of Ireland (3-2).svg  Ireland 0.18213.86SB
88 Jean-Marc Grava Flag of France.svg  France 0.15214.47
Wind: +0.3 m/s

Overall results for quarterfinals

RankAthleteNationHeatLanePlaceTimeQual.Record
1 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 44113.27 sQ
2 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 46213.29 sQ
3 Staņislavs Olijars Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia 43313.34 sQ
4 Yoel Hernández Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 45413.40 sQ
5 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 24113.49 sQ
6 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 13113.53 sQ
7 Shaun Bownes Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 25213.54 sQ
Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 33113.54 sQ
9 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 35213.55 sQ
10 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 36313.56 sQ
11 Falk Balzer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 17213.59 sQ
12 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 14313.60 sQ
Tomasz Ścigaczewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 23313.60 sQ
14 Kyle Vander-Kuyp Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 28413.62 sQ
15 Evgeny Pechenkin Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 16413.63 sQ
16 Emiliano Pizzoli Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 18513.69 s
17 Marcio Simao de Souza Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 41513.71 s
18 Elmar Lichtenegger Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 38413.73 sQ
Ralf Leberer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 29513.73 s
Jonathan Nsenga Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 15613.73 s
21 Levente Csillag Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 27613.75 s
22 Balázs Kovács Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 42613.78 s
23 Peter Coghlan Flag of Ireland (3-2).svg  Ireland 47713.86 sSB
24 Andrea Giaconi Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 26713.93 s
25 Satoru Tanigawa Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 11713.94 s
26 Andrey Kislykh Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 34514.03 s
27 Adrian Woodley Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 31614.04 s
28 Joseph-Berlioz Randriamihaja Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 37714.07 s
29 Damien Greaves Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 12814.08 s
30 Steve Brown Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 32814.12 s
31 Jeff Jackson Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  Virgin Islands 21814.17 s
32 Paul Sehzue Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 22914.37 s
33 Jean-Marc Grava Flag of France.svg  France 48814.47 s

Semifinals

Semifinal 1

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
15 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.17413.16Q
22 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.19313.23Q
33 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 0.16813.35Q
48 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0.15413.39Q
54 Shaun Bownes Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 0.16713.41SB
66 Falk Balzer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.17613.59
71 Evgeny Pechenkin Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 0.16513.62
87 Kyle Vander-Kuyp Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 0.14013.63
Wind: +0.4 m/s

Semifinal 2

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
14 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.20013.32Q
23 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.16613.34Q
36 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.14413.34Q
45 Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.12513.39Q
57 Yoel Hernández Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.16813.41
62 Staņislavs Olijars Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia 0.16613.50
78 Tomasz Ścigaczewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 0.15913.51
81 Elmar Lichtenegger Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 0.19313.59
Wind: +0.1 m/s

Overall results for semifinals

RankAthleteNationHeatLanePlaceTimeQual.Record
1 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 15113.16 sQ
2 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 12213.23 sQ
3 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 24113.32 sQ
4 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 23213.33 sQ
5 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 26313.34 sQ
6 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 13313.35 sQ
7 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 18413.39 sQ
Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 25413.39 sQ
9 Shaun Bownes Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 14513.41 sSB
Yoel Hernández Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 27513.41 s
11 Staņislavs Olijars Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia 22613.50 s
12 Tomasz Ścigaczewski Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 28713.51 s
13 Falk Balzer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 16613.59 s
Elmar Lichtenegger Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 21813.59 s
15 Evgeny Pechenkin Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 11713.62 s
16 Kyle Vander-Kuyp Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 17813.63 s

Final

[6]

RankLaneAthleteNationReactionTimeNotes
Gold medal icon.svg3 Anier García Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg  Cuba 0.17213.00NR
Silver medal icon.svg4 Terrence Trammell Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.22113.16PB
Bronze medal icon.svg6 Mark Crear Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.21413.22
45 Allen Johnson Flag of the United States.svg  United States 0.18213.23
51 Colin Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain 0.13913.28
67 Florian Schwarthoff Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.18413.42
72 Dudley Dorival Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 0.16113.49
88 Robert Kronberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0.24413.61
Wind: +0.6 m/s

References

  1. "Athletics at the 2000 Sydney Summer Games: Men's 110 metres Hurdles". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 "110 metres hurdles, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  3. http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/images/stories/tfn_pdfs/ogqualifying_standards.pdf%5B%5D
  4. Official Report, Results Book for Athletics.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "BBC Sport | Olympics 2000 | Results". Archived from the original on 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  6. "LA84 Foundation – official olympic reports". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2008-04-14.