Diplomatic relations between Australia and Ukraine were established in 1992. Ukraine has had an embassy in Canberra since March 2003 and the Australian Embassy in Kyiv was established in December 2014, however, Australia closed its embassy in Kyiv in February 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[1] In December 2024, it was announced that Australia would reopen its embassy in Kyiv in January 2025 under ambassador Paul Lehmann.[2]
Early diplomatic representation of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire in Australia dates back to 1894, when the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire sent its first permanent consular representatives to Australia, based in Melbourne, and Ukrainians were counted in official statistics as part of the Russian community. The fifth consul-general of Russia to Australia from 1908 to 1910 was Matvei Matveyevich Hedenstrom, a grandson and namesake of the explorer Matvei Gedenschtrom, who was born in 1858 in Odesa and a graduate of Kyiv University in 1882.[3]
Ukraine and Australia have enjoyed official diplomatic relations since 1942 when Australia opened channels with the Soviet Union (which included the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), although independent relations did not occur until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a fully independent Ukraine in late 1991. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Australia acted to recognise the new states of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 26 December 1991.[4] Formal diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Australia were established on 10 January 1992 by exchanging notes between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and the Australian Embassy in Moscow, with the Australian Ambassador in Moscow, Cavan Hogue, receiving non-resident accreditation for Ukraine, presenting his credentials to the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk on 9 March 1992.[5][6]
In March 1992, Ukraine established an Honorary Consulate in Melbourne (led by Honorary Consul Zina Botte from 1992 to 1996, and then from 1997 to present by her husband Valery (Larry) Botte), followed by a consulate-general in Sydney in May 2000, headed until 2003 by Vasil Grigorovich Korzachenko. A resident embassy in Canberra was established on 14 April 2003. From 1996 to 2003 the Ukrainian Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, was accredited to Australia.[7] On 26 October 2017, Ukraine established an Honorary Consulate in Sydney headed by local Ukrainian-Australian businessman, Jaroslav Duma.[8] Duma was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in the 2006 Birthday honours for "service to the Ukrainian community of New South Wales and to the credit union movement".[9]
In December 2014, Australia established an interim embassy in Kyiv following the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[11] From 5 November 1992 to the opening of a resident embassy in 2014, Australia maintained a Consulate in Kyiv headed by an Honorary Consul, Serhiy Mykolayovych Berezovenko, a prominent economist and businessman based in the city.[5][12][13][14][15] The first resident ambassador, Doug Trappett, who was previously Deputy Head of Mission in Rome, had been sent to Kyiv in December 2014 to deal with matters relating to the controversial downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 on 17 July 2014 by Russian-backed separatists in the Donbas region, which led to the deaths of 27 Australian citizens.[16][17] Trappett presented his credentials on 14 January 2015.[18]
Although initially considered an interim measure for 12 months, pending the resolution of the conflicts in the region, with the stalemating of various issues and the hardening of Ukrainian-Russian relations, the embassy's term of existence was extended in February 2016 to September 2016.[19] In September 2016, the decision was taken by foreign minister Julie Bishop to extend the embassy's term for a further two years with a resident diplomatic presence noting that it would allow Australia: "to work alongside their Ukrainian partners in close cooperation and further develop bilateral ties between the two countries."[20]
On 13 February 2022, amid increasing tensions immediately prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Australian Embassy was relocated from the capital Kyiv to the western Ukrainian city of Lviv.[21] However, on 22 February 2022, a day before the Russian invasion, Foreign Minister Marise Payne directed that all Australian officials were to leave the country and operate from eastern Poland and Romania.[22]
With the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced further support for Ukraine, with the imposition of new sanctions of Russian individuals and financial institutions, and reiterated the Australian support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine: "Australia joins our partners in condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine. There is no justification for this aggression, whose cost will be borne by innocent Ukrainians. Vladimir Putin has fabricated a feeble pretext on which to invade. Russia's disinformation and propaganda has convinced no one. We call on Russia to cease its illegal and unprovoked actions, and to stop violating Ukraine's independence. Russia must reverse its breach of international law and of the UN Charter, and withdraw its military from Ukraine. We reiterate our staunch support for Ukraine's independence and territorial integrity – the bedrock principles of a rules-based world order."[23][24] Additional individuals targeted for sanctions included Vladimir Putin and all members of the Security Council of Russia, alongside an announcement that Australia would contribute lethal and non-lethal military equipment and medical supplies to Ukraine to aid in its defence.[25] In April-June 2022, it was reported that Australia had given Ukraine AUD$225 million in military aid and AUD$65 million in humanitarian aid.[26][27]
In July 2022, the new Australian Prime Minister, Anthony Albanese, became the first Australian leader to undertake an official visit to Ukraine, announcing an additional support package that included AUD$99.5 million in military assistance.[28]
March 2012 – Visit to Ukraine of the Special Envoy of the Prime Minister of Australia, Angus Houston.[33]
22 July – 10 August and 12–14 August 2014 – working visits of Angus Houston, Special Envoy of the Prime Minister of Australia to investigate the crash of flight MH17.[33]
24–25 July and 27 July – 1 August 2014 – working visits to Ukraine by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Julie Bishop.[35]
Trade between Australia and Ukraine is modest. Merchandise exports from Australia were valued at $29.8 million in 2017–18 primarily consisted of coal. Ukraine's exports to Australia comprised $47.3 million, mainly vegetable oils and fats.[35]
On 1 April 2016, Australia and Ukraine signed a Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, which would enable Australia to export uranium to Ukraine for power generation. This agreement entered into force in June 2017.[41]
Tobacco dispute
In 2012, Ukraine began a dispute with Australia within the World Trade Organization (WTO) over the adoption of laws requiring uniform plain packaging of tobacco products. On 28 May 2015, the Ukrainian Ministry of Economic Development sent a notice to the WTO to terminate its participation in the dispute, as Ukrainian manufacturers did not export tobacco products to Australia. On 4 June 2015, the Ministry of Economic Development terminated its dispute with Australia over the unified packaging of tobacco products.[42]
Ukrainians, then part of the Russian Empire, are known to have been in Australia as early as 1860, although remained a very small community with little, if any, official organisation. A notable early Ukrainian in Australia was explorer, naturalist and ethnographer Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay who visited Australia in the late 19th century and was instrumental in the establishment of a Zoological Field Station at Watson's Bay, Sydney. Ukrainian migration to Australia substantially increased in the post-World War II period, with refugees arriving from 1948 as part of the International Refugee Organization resettlement agreement and on Assisted Passages. Ukraine-born people were first recorded in the 1954 Australian census, with the highest number (4,678) living in Victoria.[43]
In the 2016 Census there were 13,366 Ukraine-born people in Australia, and 46,186 people identifying as being of Ukrainian ancestry. Victoria had the largest number of Ukraine-born citizens at 5,322, followed by New South Wales (4,830), Queensland (1,248) and South Australia (929).[44][45]
Resident diplomatic missions
Australia is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.[1]
Ukraine has formal relations with many nations and in recent decades has been establishing diplomatic relations with an expanding circle of nations. The foreign relations of Ukraine are guided by a number of key priorities outlined in the foreign policy of Ukraine.
Greece and Ukraine have deep ties due to Orthodox Christianity and enjoy strong diplomatic relations, due to Greece’s active diplomatic support for Ukraine over the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Greece is also one of the main supporters of Ukraine’s entry into the European Union and NATO. Greece recognized Ukraine on December 31, 1991. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. Greece opened an embassy in Kyiv in 1993, general-consulates were set up in Mariupol and Odesa. Ukraine has opened an embassy in Athens and since April 2004 a general-consulate in Thessaloniki. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. There is a large Greek community living in Ukraine. Ukraine was first settled by the Greeks as early as 500 B.C. The Ukrainian city of Odesa was founded by ancient Greek colonists, being also the place where the Filiki Eteria secret organization was founded. Greece is a member of the European Union, which Ukraine applied for in 2022.
Japanese-Ukrainian relations are formal diplomatic relations between Japan and Ukraine. Japan extended diplomatic recognition to the Ukrainian state on December 28, 1991, immediately after the breakup of the Soviet Union and full diplomatic relations were established on January 26, 1992.
Moldova–Ukraine relations are the bilateral/diplomatic/foreign relations between the sovereign states of Moldova and Ukraine. The Moldova–Ukraine border is 985 kilometers. Ukrainians are the third largest ethnic group in Moldova, behind Moldovans and Romanians. Both countries were former republics of the Soviet Union and are also the poorest countries in Europe. Both countries have applied for membership to join the European Union in 2022.
The Embassy of Australia in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Australia to the Russian Federation. The current head of post and Ambassador of Australia to the Russian Federation is John Geering. The embassy serves as the diplomatic mission for Australia to the Russian Federation, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The chancery is located at 10A/2 Podkolokolny Lane in the Tagansky District of Moscow.
Russia–Slovenia relations are foreign relations between Russia and Slovenia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1992. Russia has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates. Until 2022, Russia had five honorary consuls in Slovenia, but Slovenia withdrew its consent to the appointments due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Israel–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Israel and Ukraine. Both countries recognized each other on 11 May 1949 as the Ukrainian SSR and established de jure diplomatic relations on 26 December 1991 when Ukraine became independent. Israel has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Haifa. There are 30,000 Ukrainians settled in Israel, while Ukraine has one of Europe's largest Jewish communities. Ukraine was also the first state outside of Israel to have had both a Jewish president and prime minister simultaneously.
Kazakhstan–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Kazakhstan and Ukraine. Before 1918, both countries were part of the Russian Empire and until 1991 they were part of the USSR. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1991. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Kyiv and an honorary consulate in Odesa. Ukraine has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty. There are between 895,000 and 2,400,000 ethnic Ukrainians living in Kazakhstan. Both countries are full members of TRACECA, of the Baku Initiative, of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace and of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. They are only 468 kilometres (291 mi) apart at their closest points.
Relations between Spain and Ukraine were established in January 1992, some time after the Ukrainian independence. Spain is a member of NATO and the European Union, which Ukraine applied for in 2022. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe.
Saudi Arabia–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Saudi Arabia and Ukraine. Saudi Arabia recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in April 1993. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Riyadh and an honorary consulate in Jeddah.
The Embassy of Canada to Ukraine in Kyiv is the diplomatic mission of Canada to Ukraine.
The bilateral relations of the Philippines and Ukraine began with a formal agreement in 1992. Neither country has a resident ambassador. Ukraine has a non-resident ambassador in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Philippines is represented by its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
The diplomatic relations between Albania and Ukraine were established in 1922. In September 2020, Ukraine opened an embassy in Tirana. Albania is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland and has an honorary consulate in Kharkiv. Both countries are members of the BSCE and Council of Europe. Albania is member of NATO, for which Ukraine applied for membership in 2022.
Taiwan–Ukraine relations refer to the international relations between Taiwan and Ukraine. Bilateral relations after Ukraine's independence began in 1992.
Italy–Ukraine relations are the bilateral relations between Italy and Ukraine. Italy has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Milan and Naples. Italy is a member of the NATO and EU which Ukraine applied for in 2022. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe.
Relations between Ukraine and Venezuela were established on 9 January 1992 with the recognition of Ukraine's independence by Venezuela. Both countries have no embassies in the respective other country.
References
1 2 Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "Australian Consulate in Kyiv". ukraine.embassy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
↑ Blewett, Neal (5 November 1992). "Opening of Australian consulate in Ukraine"(Media Release). ParlInfo: Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
↑ Evdokimova, S. I. (2003). "Березовенко Сергій Миколайович (Serhiy Mykolayovych Berezovenko)". Encyclopaedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Institute of Encyclopedic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
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