| Austropaxillus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Austropaxillus infundibuliformis | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Serpulaceae |
| Genus: | Austropaxillus Bresinsky & Jarosch (1999) |
| Type species | |
| Austropaxillus statuum (Speg.) Bresinsky & Jarosch (1999) | |
| Species | |
Austropaxillus is a genus of fungi in the family Serpulaceae, containing nine species found in Australia, New Zealand and South America.
In 1999, Andreas Bresinsky and colleagues studied the genus Paxillus , which appeared to have a centre of diversity in the Southern Hemisphere as a number of species had been described from Australia and New Zealand, and Chile and Argentina in southern South America. Genetic analysis revealed that members of what had been broadly construed as Paxillus fell into three distinct clades. The Southern Hemisphere species were found to be in a lineage that is most closely related to the brown rot genus Serpula . [1] Supporting this is the finding that the compound 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid has been isolated from members of both Austropaxillus and Serpula. [1] Hence they moved these species into the new genus Austropaxillus. [1] Later analysis revealed a relationship to Gymnopaxillus , a small genus of truffle-like fungi known from south-eastern Australia, Argentina, and Chile. [2] Austropaxillus and Gymnopaxillus, both mycorrhizal genera, form a monophyletic clade that is sister to the saprotrophic genus Serpula. Using molecular clock analysis, the split between Austropaxillus and Serpula has been estimated to have occurred about 34.9 mya, roughly coinciding with the separation of South America and Australia from Antarctica. [3]
The prefix Austro is derived from the Latin word auster "south". [4] The type species is Austropaxillus statuum from South America. [5]
Morphologically, the fruit bodies of these fungi resemble those of Paxillus, namely they have funnel-shaped caps with inrolled margins and decurrent gills. In the case of Austropaxillus, the gills are always forked. The spore print is brown. Microscopically they have long spindle-shaped spores from 7.8 to 16 μm long. [1]
According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the genus contains nine species found in the temperate Southern Hemisphere. [6] Bresinsky and Jarosch defined the species Austropaxillus aurantiacus in their 1999 publication on the genus, but this is not a valid name because it is a homonym of Paxillus aurantiacus published by Job Bicknell Ellis in 1882. It is now known as Austropaxillus macnabbii. [7]
| Name | Authority | Year | Basionym | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. boletinoides | (Singer) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Paxillus boletinoides Singer (1952) [8] | Argentina, Chile |
| A. chilensis | (Garrido) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Paxillus chilensis Garrido (1988) [9] | Chile |
| A. contulmensis | (Garrido) Bresinsky | 1999 | Paxillus contulmensis Garrido (1988) [9] | Chile |
| A. infundibuliformis | (Cleland) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Paxillus infundibuliformis Cleland (1927) [10] | Australia |
| A. macnabbii | (Singer, J. García & L.D. Gómez) Jarosch | 2001 | Paxillus macnabbi Singer, J.García & L.D.Gómez (1990) [11] | New Zealand |
| A. muelleri | (Berk.) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Paxillus muelleri Berk. (1873) [12] | Australia |
| A. nothofagi | (McNabb) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Paxillus nothofagi McNabb (1969) [13] | New Zealand |
| A. squarrosus | (McNabb) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Paxillus squarrosus McNabb (1969) [13] | New Zealand |
| A. statuum | (Speg.) Bresinsky & Jarosch | 1999 | Agaricus staatum Speg. (1888) [14] | Argentina |
Cleland described a Paxillus aureus and P. eucalyptorum but no type material or subsequent collections exist. [15]
Austropaxillus species form mycorrhizal relationships with trees of the genus Nothofagus and less commonly Eucalyptus . [1]
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, one of the species of the genus Tuber. More than one hundred other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including Geopora, Peziza, Choiromyces, and Leucangium. These genera belong to the class Pezizomycetes and the Pezizales order. Several truffle-like basidiomycetes are excluded from Pezizales, including Rhizopogon and Glomus. Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, so they are found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through fungivores, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have ecological roles in nutrient cycling and drought tolerance.
Paxillus involutus, also known as the brown roll-rim or the common roll-rim, is a basidiomycete fungus that is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. It has been inadvertently introduced to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and South America, probably transported in soil with European trees. Various shades of brown in colour, the fruit body grows up to 6 cm high and has a funnel-shaped cap up to 12 cm wide with a distinctive inrolled rim and decurrent gills that may be pore-like close to the stipe. Although it has gills, it is more closely related to the pored boletes than to typical gilled mushrooms. It was first described by Pierre Bulliard in 1785, and was given its current binomial name by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838. Genetic testing suggests that Paxillus involutus may be a species complex rather than a single species.
Phlebopus marginatus, commonly known as the salmon gum mushroom in Western Australia, is a member of the Boletales or pored fungi. An imposing sight in forests of south-eastern and south-western Australia, it is possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, with the weight of one specimen from Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 lb). Initially described in 1845 as Boletus marginatus, and also previously known by scientific names such as Phaeogyroporus portentosus and Boletus portentosus, it is not as closely related to typical boletes as previously thought.
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.
Tapinella atrotomentosa, commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed pax, is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects.
The Fungi of Australia form an enormous and phenomenally diverse group, a huge range of freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats with many ecological roles, for example as saprobes, parasites and mutualistic symbionts of algae, animals and plants, and as agents of biodeterioration. Where plants produce, and animals consume, the fungi recycle, and as such they ensure the sustainability of ecosystems.
The Albatrellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Russulales. The family contains 9 genera and more than 45 species.
Postia is a genus of brown rot fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae.
Boletopsis is a genus of mycorrhizal fungi in the family Bankeraceae. The genus was circumscribed by Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod in 1889, with Boletopsis leucomelaena as the type species.
Cortinarius archeri is a species of mushroom in the genus Cortinarius native to Australia. The distinctive mushrooms have bright purple caps that glisten with slime, and appear in autumn in eucalypt forests.
Hygrophoropsis is a genus of gilled fungi in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It was circumscribed in 1888 to contain the type species, H. aurantiaca, a widespread fungus that, based on its appearance, has been affiliated with Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Paxillus. Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus belongs to the suborder Coniophorineae of the order Boletales.
Podoserpula is a genus of fungi in the family Amylocorticiaceae. The genus contains six species including the type species, P. pusio, commonly known as the pagoda fungus. Species of the genus Podoserpula produce fruit bodies consisting of up to a dozen caps arranged in overlapping shelves, attached to a central axis. Its unique shape is not known to exist in any other fungi. The genus is known to occur in Australia and New Zealand, Venezuela, Madagascar, and New Caledonia.
Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to 9 centimetres in diameter covered with pyramidal warts. The gills on the underside of the cap are white, closely crowded together, and free from attachment to the stem. The stem, up to 9 cm long, has a ring and a bulbous base. The mushroom may be confused with another endemic New Zealand species, A. nothofagi, but can be distinguished by differences in microscopic characteristics.
Serpula is a genus of fungi in the family Serpulaceae.
Gymnopaxillus is a genus of fungi in the family Serpulaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the family contains four species found in temperate South America and Australia. Gymnopaxillus was circumscribed by mycologist Egon Horak in 1966 with G. morchelliformis as the type species. G. crubensis, described from Argentina, was added in 1989, while the Australasian species G. nudus and G. vestitus were added to the genus in 2001.
Austropaxillus infundibuliformis is a species of fungus in the family Serpulaceae. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in the eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia. It is readily recognised by its tawny yellow colour, large size and forked decurrent gills.
James Martin Trappe is a mycologist and expert in the field of North American truffle species. He has authored or co-authored 450 scientific papers and written three books on the subject. MycoBank lists him as either author or co-author of 401 individual species, and over the course of his career he has helped guide research on mycorrhizal fungi, and reshaped truffle taxonomy: establishing a new order, two new families, and 40 individual genera.
Lactifluus clarkeae, formerly known as Lactarius clarkeae, is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand in mycorrhizal association with species of Nothofagus and the family Myrtaceae.
Austrocortinarius australiensis, commonly known as the skirt webcap, is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae which is native to Australia and New Zealand. The white mushrooms appear in autumn and can grow very large, with their caps reaching 30 cm (12 in) in diameter.
Egon Horak is an Austrian mycologist who has described more than 1000 species of fungi, including many from the Southern Hemisphere, particularly New Zealand and South America. He was an executive editor of the scientific journal Sydowia from 1975 to 1989, and a member of the editorial board afterwards.
