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Predecessor |
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Formation | 21 March 1972 |
Founder | Fazle Hasan Abed |
Type | Non-profit |
Purpose | International development |
Headquarters | BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh |
Key people | Asif Saleh (Executive Director, BRAC) Shameran Abed (Executive Director, BRAC International) |
Revenue (2016) | ৳6053.7 crore (US$560 million) [1] |
Expenses (2016) | ৳4323.3 crore (US$400 million) [1] |
Staff (2016) | 97,742 [2] |
Website | brac |
BRAC is an international development organisation based in Bangladesh. In order to receive foreign donations, BRAC was subsequently registered under the NGO Affairs Bureau of the Government of Bangladesh. BRAC is the largest non-governmental development Organisation in the world, in terms of the number of employees as of September 2016. [3] [4] [5] Established by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed in 1972 after the independence of Bangladesh, BRAC is present in all 64 districts of Bangladesh as well as 16 other countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. [6]
BRAC states that it employs over 90,000 people, roughly 70 percent of whom are women, and that it reaches more than 126 million people with its services. [7] [8] [9] The organization is partly self-funded through a number of social enterprises that include a dairy and food project, a chain of retail handicraft stores called Aarong, seed and Agro[ clarification needed ], and chicken. BRAC has operations in 12 countries of the world. [7] [10]
Known formerly as the Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee, then as the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, and later as Building Resources Across Communities, [11] BRAC was initiated in 1972 by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed at Shallah Upazillah in the district of Sunamganj as a large scale relief and rehabilitation project to help returning war refugees after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. [12] 14 thousand homes had to be rebuilt as part of the relief effort, as well as several hundred fishing boats; BRAC claims to have done this within nine months, as well as opening medical centres and providing other essential services. [13] [ non-primary source needed ]
Until the mid-1970s, BRAC concentrated on community development through village development programmes that included agriculture, fisheries, cooperatives, rural crafts, adult literacy, health and family planning, vocational training for women and the construction of community centres. A Research and Evaluation Division (RED) was set up to evaluate its activities and decide direction, and in 1977, BRAC began taking a more targeted approach by creating Village Organisations (VO) to assist the landless, small farmers, artisans, and vulnerable women. That same year BRAC set up a commercial printing press to help finance its activities. The handicraft retail chain called Aarong was established the following year. [14]
In the late 1970s, diarrhoea was a leading cause of child mortality in Bangladesh. [15] In February 1979, BRAC began a field trial, in two villages of what was then Sulla thana, of a campaign to combat diarrhoea. [16] The following year they scaled up the operation and named it the Oral Therapy Extension Programme (OTEP). [17] It taught rural mothers in their homes how to prepare an oral rehydration solution (ORS) from readily available ingredients and how to use it to treat diarrhoea. [18] The training was reinforced with posters and radio and TV spots. [19]
The ten-year programme taught 12 million households spread over 75,000 villages in every part of Bangladesh except the Chittagong Hill Tracts (which were unsafe to work in because of civil unrest). [20] Fifteen years after they were taught, the vast majority of mothers could still prepare a safe and effective ORS. [21] The treatment was little known in Bangladesh when OTEP began, [22] but 15 years later it was used in rural households for severe diarrhoea more than 80% of the time, one of the highest rates in the world. [23]
Non Formal Primary Education was started by BRAC in 1985. [24]
In 1979, BRAC started a Rural Development Programme (RDP). [25] This was intended to give members access to credit and to savings facilities. [26] The programme involved considerable growth in the number of people who were members of BRAC: in 1989, three years after the start of the Rural Development Programme, there were 350,000 members, and by 1995 there were 1.2 to 1.5 million members. [27] An evaluation by the United Kingdom Department for International Development in 1998 found that the programme had been successful, though not all the aims were achieved. [26] BRAC's own evaluation in 1996 found "gradual improvements in the indicators such as wealth, revenue earning assets, the value of house structure, the level of cash earned, per capita expenditure on food, total household expenditure", but hoped-for improvements in village self-management had not taken place, and the drop-out rate of members was high. [26]
In 1991, the Women's Health Development programme commenced. The following year BRAC established a Centre for Development Management (CDM) in Rajendrapur.[ citation needed ]
BRAC opened an Information Technology Institute in 1999.[ citation needed ]
In 2001, BRAC established a university called BRAC University. [28]
BRAC has done what few others have – they have achieved success on a massive scale, bringing life-saving health programs to millions of the world's poorest people. They remind us that even the most intractable health problems are solvable, and inspire us to match their success throughout the developing world.
Bill Gates, Co-chair, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Health Award, 2004
Microfinance, introduced in 1974, is BRAC's oldest programme. It spans all districts of Bangladesh. [29] [30] It provides collateral-free loans to mostly poor, landless, rural women, enabling them to generate income and improve their standards of living. [29] [30] BRAC's microcredit program has funded over $1.9 billion in loans in its first 40 years.[ citation needed ] 95% of BRAC's microloan customers are women. [31] According to BRAC, the repayment rate is over 98%. [32] BRAC started a community empowerment programme back in 1988 all over the country.
BRAC founded its retail outlet, Aarong (Bengali for "village fair") in 1978 to market and distribute products made by indigenous peoples. Aarong services about 65,000 artisans, and sells gold and silver jewellery, handloom, leather crafts, etc. [14]
The Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction: Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR-TUP) project was initiated in 2002. [33] The ultra-poor are a group of people who eat below 80% of their energy requirements despite spending at least 80% of their income on food. [34] In Bangladesh, they constitute the poorest 17.5 per cent of the population. [35] These people suffer from chronic hunger and malnutrition, have inadequate shelter, are more prone to disease, are deprived of education and are more vulnerable to recurring natural disasters. The CFPR-TUP programme is aimed at households which are too poor to access the benefits from development interventions such as microfinance and assists them to access mainstream development services. The program costs around US$35 million a year. [36]
BRAC is one of the largest NGOs involved in primary education in Bangladesh. [37] As of the end of 2012, it had more than 22,700 non-formal primary schools with a combined enrolment of 670,000 children. [32] [ non-primary source needed ] Its schools constitute three-quarters of all NGO non-formal primary schools in the country. [37]
BRAC's education programme provides non-formal primary education to those left out of the formal education system, especially poor, rural, or disadvantaged children, and drop-outs. [31] Its schools are typically one room with one teacher and no more than 33 students. Core subjects include mathematics, social studies and English. The schools also offer extracurricular activities. [37] They incentivise schooling by providing food, allowing flexible learning hours, and conferring scholarships contingent on academic performance. [38]
Bangladesh has reduced the gap between male and female attendance in schools. [38] The improvement in female enrollment, which has largely been at the primary level, is in part attributable to BRAC. [37] Roughly 60% of the students in their schools are girls. [31]
BRAC also runs a university called BRAC University. [39]
BRAC started providing public healthcare in 1972 with an initial focus on curative care through paramedics and a self-financing health insurance scheme. The programme went on to offer integrated healthcare services.[ citation needed ]
BRAC's 2007 impact assessment of its North West Microfinance Expansion Project testified to increased awareness of legal issues, including those of marriage and divorce, among women participants in BRAC programs. Furthermore, women participants' self-confidence was boosted and the incidence of domestic violence was found to have declined. [40] One of the most prominent forms of violence against women, acid throwing, has been decreasing by 15-20% annually since the enactment in 2002 of legislation specifically targeting acid violence. [41]
BRAC conducted one of the largest NGO responses to Cyclone Sidr which hit vast areas of the south-western coast of Bangladesh in mid-November 2007.[ citation needed ] BRAC distributed emergency relief materials, including food and clothing, to over 900,000 survivors, provided medical care to over 60,000 victims and secured safe supplies of drinking water. BRAC is now focusing on long-term rehabilitation, which will include agriculture support, infrastructure reconstruction and livelihood regeneration. [42] [ non-primary source needed ]
BRAC has a collaboration with Nike's Girl Effect campaign to launch a new program to reach out to teenagers in Uganda and Tanzania. [43] [ non-primary source needed ]
In 2006 BRAC received donations from the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) and the Government of the Netherlands / Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (EKN).
In 2011 the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) joined the list of BRAC donors.
In 2012 the Department for International Development (DFID), the Government of the UK and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), and the Australian Government (SPA) (under the strategic partnership arrangement) became BRAC donors as well. [44]
BRAC operates in 13 countries.
Asif Mahtab, a part-time teacher of Brac University [49] held a teacher's conference in January 2024 following the continuation of the textbook controversy in Bangladesh, demonstrated anti-transgenderism by tearing the pages of the seventh grade textbook. [50] In response to this protest, BRAC University authorities fired Asif Mahtab. [51] When the incident went viral on social media, many criticized BRAC and called for a boycott of all BRAC-related products and services. [52] In addition, the Islami Andolan Bangladesh called for a boycott of Aarong and Brac University as part of the anti-transformation protest. [53] [54]
Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history. It is designed to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty. Many recipients are illiterate, and therefore unable to complete paperwork required to get conventional loans. As of 2009 an estimated 74 million people held microloans that totaled US$38 billion. Grameen Bank reports that repayment success rates are between 95 and 98 percent.
Microfinance is a category of financial services targeting individuals and small businesses who lack access to conventional banking and related services. Microfinance includes microcredit, the provision of small loans to poor clients; savings and checking accounts; microinsurance; and payment systems, among other services. Microfinance services are designed to reach excluded customers, usually poorer population segments, possibly socially marginalized, or geographically more isolated, and to help them become self-sufficient. ID Ghana is an example of a microfinance institution.
Education in Bangladesh is administered by the country's Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education implements policies for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level. Education in Bangladesh is compulsory for all citizens until the end of grade eight. Primary and secondary education is funded by the state and free of charge in public schools.
Akhter Hameed Khan was a Pakistani development practitioner and social scientist. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of law from Michigan State University.
Sir Fazle Hasan Abed was the founder of BRAC, one of the world's largest non-governmental organizations.
The Association for Social Advancement is a non-governmental organisation based in Bangladesh which provides microcredit financing.
The Comilla Model was a rural development programme launched in 1959 by the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development. The academy, which is located on the outskirts of Comilla town, was founded by Akhter Hameed Khan, the cooperative pioneer who was responsible for developing and launching the programme.
LAPO is a Nigerian organisation with a microfinance bank dedicated to self-employment through microfinance and an NGO, a non-governmental, non-profit community development organization focused on the empowerment of the poor and the vulnerable.
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Susan Davis is an author, public speaker, consultant and expert on international development and social entrepreneurship. She is the Chairperson of Solutions Journalism Network, an Adjunct Associate Professor at New York University Stern School of Business, a coach to social entrepreneurs and active on many boards and advisory councils.
BRAC Bank PLC is a private commercial bank in Bangladesh, founded in 2001. The bank is a subsidiary of BRAC, a leading development organization in the country. BRAC Bank is known for its focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
The Kravis Prize or Henry R. Kravis Prize in Nonprofit Leadership is a philanthropic award for leaders in the nonprofit sector. According to Bloomberg News, the prize "honor[s] those who have demonstrated 'bold leadership' in the nonprofit sector and have shared their best practices with others."
Martha Chen is an American academic, scholar and social worker, who is presently a lecturer in public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School and senior advisor of the global research-policy-action network WIEGO and a member of the Advisory Board of the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER). Martha is a development practitioner and scholar who has worked with the working poor in India, South Asia, and around the world. Her areas of specialization are employment, poverty alleviation, informal economy, and gender. She lived in Bangladesh working with BRAC, one of the world's largest non-governmental organizations, and in India, as field representative of Oxfam America for India and Bangladesh for 15 years.
Bangladesh–Uganda relations refer to bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Uganda. The relationship is primarily based on the agricultural sector and poverty reduction. Neither country has a resident ambassador.
Bangladesh–Liberia relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Liberia.
Naila Kabeer is an Indian-born British Bangladeshi social economist, research fellow, writer and Professor at the London School of Economics. She was also president of the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) from 2018 to 2019. She is on the editorial committee of journals such as Feminist Economist, Development and Change, Gender and Development, Third World Quarterly and the Canadian Journal of Development Studies. She works primarily on poverty, gender and social policy issues. Her research interests include gender, poverty, social exclusion, labour markets and livelihoods, social protection, focused on South and South East Asia.
The Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction: Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR-TUP) project was initiated by BRAC, a Bangladesh-based development organisation in 2002. The ultra poor are a group of people who eat below 80% of their energy requirements despite spending at least 80% of income on food. In Bangladesh, they constitute the poorest 17.5 percent of the population. These people suffer from chronic hunger and malnutrition, have inadequate shelter, are more prone to disease, deprived of education and more vulnerable to recurring natural disasters. The CFPR-TUP programme is aimed at households which are too poor to access the benefits from development interventions such as microfinance and assists them to access mainstream development services. As of 2015, the program cost around US$35 million a year.
Brac University, is a private research university located in Merul Badda, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was established in 2001 as a branch of Sir Fazle Hasan Abed's BRAC under the Private University Act 1992.
bKash is a mobile financial service (MFS) in Bangladesh operating under the authority of Bangladesh Bank as a subsidiary of BRAC Bank PLC. This mobile financial service company started as a joint venture between BRAC Bank Limited, and Money in Motion LLC. As a mobile financial service (MFS) provider in Bangladesh, bKash users can transfer money into their mobile accounts and then access a range of services. In particular, transferring and receiving money domestically and making payments. Services like mobile recharge prepaid and postpaid package internet service Value Added Service Customer Service or paying utility bills are also possible through bKash USSD (*247#) and bKash App. A user can receive remittance on bKash. In November 2021, bKash became the first ever unicorn startup company in Bangladesh. In May 2023, bKash became the regional sponsors of the Argentina Football Association.
Tamara Hasan Abed is a Bangladeshi social worker and entrepreneur. She is the eldest daughter of Fazle Hasan Abed, founder and Chair of BRAC.
Called BRAC, it is by most measures the largest, fastest-growing non-governmental organisation (NGO) in the world