| Bacotoma | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Genus: | Bacotoma Moore, 1885 [1] |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Bacotoma is a genus of moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. It currently comprises 11 species, with an Oriental and Australasian distribution ranging from India and Sri Lanka over China and Southeast Asia to Australia. [1] [2]
The adults of Bacotoma have relatively narrow forewings and broad, almost triangular hindwings. Wing coloration is inconspicuous, with shades of brown and beige dominating. On the forewing, the antemedian and postmedian lines as well as the proximal and especially the distal discoidal stigma are distinct; on the hindwing, the postmedian line is prominent, and sometimes the discoidal stigma is well developed. Males have a long and slender abdomen with often prominent anal tufts and conspicuous patterns of black and white marks on the abdominal tergites 7 and 8, in some species also on tergite 6. The male genitalia are characterized by oval to lanceolate valvae with complex sclerotisations of the fibula and sacculus. The uncus exhibits two long, slender, apically tapering or somewhat inflated arms. The phallus or aedeagus is simple, sclerotized and contains a single needle-like cornutus. The female genitalia consist of a simple, sac-like corpus bursae with one or two small signa, a slender ductus bursae with granular texture and a small, sclerotized antrum. Characteristic for the genus are the pleural pockets of sternum 7, which are densely covered in short microtrichia. The pre-imaginal stages of Bacotoma have not been described.
Imagines of Bacotoma are superficially similar to those of Bradina , Herpetogramma and Syngamia , with which they share similar coloration and maculation. Identification of the adults and distinction from externally similar species is possible through genetical sequences, e.g. DNA barcoding, or genitalia dissection. In the genitalia, the genus is characterized by a number of putatively apomorphic features: in the male genitalia, the strongly bifurcate juxta with slender arms, each apically ending in a small hook, and the broad, lobate transtilla arms protruding dorsad beyond the costal valva edge; in the female genitalia, the pleural membrane of sternum 7 exhibits deep pockets covered in microtrichia.
Larvae of Bacotoma illatalis and B. ampliatalis have been reared from Celtis philippensis (Cannabaceae) and Strychnos minor (Loganiaceae) in Papua New Guinea. [2]
Spilomelinae is a very species-rich subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. With 4,135 described species in 344 genera worldwide, it is the most speciose group among pyraloids.
The Azelinini are a tribe of geometer moths in the subfamily Ennominae, with many species in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in South America. Several species are found in North America as well. These stocky geometer moths seem to be closely related to other robust tribes, such as the Campaeini, Ennomini, Lithinini and Nacophorini – all of which might warrant to be subsumed in the Ennomini – the genus Odontopera, and perhaps the Caberini and Colotoini. The tribe was first described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1948.
Chrysophyllis is a genus of the grass moth family (Crambidae). It is monotypic, containing the single species Chrysophyllis lucivaga. This moth is very little known, having only been recorded once, before 1935. It belongs to the large grass moth subfamily Spilomelinae; at the time of its description, these were still included in subfamily Pyraustinae and the entire Crambidae was then merged with the snout moths. While its exact relationships are undetermined, it is believed to be a close relative of Talanga. Like these, the male genitalia of C. lucivaga feature a remarkably elongated aedeagus shaped like a bullwhip.
Phormoestes is a genus of moths in the family choreutidae, containing only one species, Phormoestes palmettovora, which is known from Florida, United States. This genus exhibits distinctive morphology, which sets it apart from other genera within the family, such as Milleria.
Macrosoma conifera is moth-like butterfly described by Warren in 1897. It belongs to the family Hedylidae. Originally it belonged to the genus Phellinodes. Malcolm J. Scoble combined it with Macrosoma in 1986.
Macrosoma hedylaria is moth-like butterfly described by William Warren in 1894. It belongs to the family Hedylidae. Originally it belonged to the genus Phellinodes. Malcolm J. Scoble combined it with Macrosoma in 1986.
Macrosoma hyacinthina is moth-like butterfly described by William Warren in 1905. It belongs to the family Hedylidae. Originally it belonged to the genus Lasiopates. Malcolm J. Scoble combined it with Macrosoma in 1986.
Naarda gigaloba is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Balázs Tóth and László Aladár Ronkay in 2015. It is found in Sri Lanka.
Naarda leptosigna is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Balázs Tóth and László Aladár Ronkay in 2015. It is found in Sri Lanka.
Hydririni is a tribe of the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae.
Lineodini is a tribe of the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the snout moth family Crambidae.
Udeini is a tribe in the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae. The tribe was erected by Richard Mally, James E. Hayden, Christoph Neinhuis, Bjarte H. Jordal and Matthias Nuss in 2019.
Wurthiini is a tribe of the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae.
Steniini is a tribe of the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae. The tribe was erected by Achille Guenée in 1854.
Cheverella is a monotypic genus of snout moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Cheverella galapagensis, which is endemic to the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador. Both the genus and the species were first described by Bernard Landry in 2011. The genus is placed in the tribe Udeini.
Diptychophora galvani is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It measures about one centimeter in wingspan and is easily distinguished from all closely related species by the color pattern of its forewings. These are orange at their base and tip with a large intermediate gray patch, a pattern not found in any other species of Diptychophora. The female has grayish hindwings, while they are entirely white in the male. The genitalia of both male and female are also quite different from other members of this genus. The biology of the species remains completely unknown, including the host plant of the larval stage, although some species of the tribe Diptychophorini are known to feed on mosses.
Portentomorphini is a tribe of the subfamily Pyraustinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae. The tribe was initially erected by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956.
Diargyria argyhorion is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Eastern and Western Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg in South Africa.
The Cabera subalba group is a monophyletic group under the genus Cabera. These moths are widely distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic and Afrotropic regions, and a few in Indo-Australian regions. However, the group is absent in Australia itself.
Cabera subalba is a species of geometrid moth, found on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in West Africa. It belongs to the monophylectic Cabera subalba Group.
