Bafuliiru Chiefdom

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Bafuliiru Chiefdom
Chiefdom
Chefferie de Bafuliiru
CountryFlag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Province South Kivu
Territory Uvira
Chief town Lemera
Government
 •  Mwami Ndare III Simba Kalingishi Adams
Area
 • Total
1,514.270 km2 (584.663 sq mi)
Time zone UTC+2 (CAT)
Official language French
National language Kiswahili

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom (French: Chefferie de Bafuliiru), also spelled as Chefferie de Bafulero, is a chiefdom located in Uvira Territory, South Kivu Province, in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

The Fuliiru people constitute the predominant ethnic group in the region, and the chiefdom serves as a local governance structure for their community. The chiefdom system is represented by traditional leadership, customs, and cultural practices specific to the Bafuliiru. [5] [6]

Geography

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom is situated in the eastern part of the DRC, specifically within the Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province. With an area of 1,514.270 km2, it is the largest among all the chiefdoms in Uvira Territory and appears to constitute a separate territory. The region boasts a diverse range of terrains. It includes parts of the eastern section of the Albertine Rift, which is a branch of the East African Rift System. The area is predominantly mountainous, with the Mitumba Mountains forming a significant part of the landscape. The chiefdom extends to the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, one of the African Great Lakes. In addition, the Bafuliiru Chiefdom is surrounded by lush forests, including portions of the Itombwe Massif, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The vegetation in the area is primarily characterized by tropical rainforests and savannah grasslands. [6] [7] [8]

Hydrology

View of grassland in Butaho in the Ruzizi Plain Butaho Village, Ruzizi Plan, DR Congo.jpg
View of grassland in Butaho in the Ruzizi Plain

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom exhibits diverse hydrographic features, including plains, plateaus, and lakes. [2] The easternmost part of the community is primarily characterized by expansive plains that encompass regions such as Luvungi, Lubarika, Katogota, Kiliba, Runingu, and Kawizi. These areas form an integral part of the Ruzizi Plain, situated between Mitumba mountain chain and the Ruzizi River. The elevation in this area ranges from 773 to 1000 meters above sea level. The Ruzizi Plain spans from 2°42' to 3°24' south latitude and from 29° to 29°22' east longitude, covering a total area of 3,031 km2. Within this expanse, approximately 800 km2 lies within the DRC, while the remaining portion is divided between Burundi and Rwanda. [9] [10] [6]

Runingu River in the middle plateaux of Runingu Runingu River in the middle plateau of Runingu, South Kivu Province, DR Congo.jpg
Runingu River in the middle plateaux of Runingu

The chiefdom is further characterized by two distinct plateaus: the Middle Plateau and the High Plateau. The Middle Plateau extends between Luvungi and Mulenge, with a gradual variation in elevation from 100 meters to 1800 meters. Within this plateau, notable villages include Namutiri, Ndolera, Bulaga, Langala, Bushokw, Bushuju, Butole, Bwesho, Katala and Mulenge. The Middle Plateau provides a favorable environment for cultivating crops such as cassava, coffee, bananas, beans, and maize in various locations. The High Plateau, which forms part of the Mitumba chain, boasts the highest peaks, surpassing 3,000 meters above sea level. The High Plateau serves as a watershed between the tributaries of the Ulindi and Elila rivers, as well as numerous torrents that flow into the Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika. [11] [12] [6]

Climate

The Bafuliru Chiefdom is characterized by a tropical climate, specifically a tropical rainforest climate or equatorial climate. Situated in the eastern part of the DRC, the chiefdom experiences warm temperatures throughout the year with minimal fluctuations. Average temperatures range from 30.5 to 35.5 degrees Celsius (86 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit), providing a consistently warm environment. Precipitation is abundant in the Bafuliru Chiefdom, as it receives a substantial amount of rainfall annually. Rainfall is evenly distributed across the seasons, and there is no distinct dry period. The average annual precipitation ranges from 1,500 to 2,000 millimeters (59 to 79 inches). [13] [6]

Geology

The area includes sections of the Mitumba Mountains, characterized by ancient metamorphic and igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks have undergone significant changes due to high temperatures and pressure, while igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten material. The Bafuliru Chiefdom also encompasses regions near Lake Tanganyika. The lake resides in an East African Rift Valley. [13] [6]

History

Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Nia Magira (Lemera), Belgian Congo, circa 1925 Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom, 1925, Congo Belge.jpg
Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Nia Magira (Lemera), Belgian Congo, circa 1925

Bafuliiru Chiefdom emerged as a small dominion created by the colonial administration in response to its sparsely populated region in 1921 in Luvungi. It was officially established in 1928 through an edict promulgated on 18 August under the aegis of the C.D.D. (Chef de Division des Districts) of the Kivu Region. Nevertheless, determining the precise boundaries of the chiefdom posed several challenges due to its expansive size. According to records from the Belgian Congo colonial administration, the geographical limits of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom were defined on 19 March 1933: [14] [13] [15]

These delineations helped establish the territorial extent of the Bafuliru Chiefdom within the region. [13]

Administrative division

The Bafuliru Chiefdom is divided into groupements (groupings), each governed by a customary chief (chef de groupement). The groupements are established to facilitate local governance, service delivery, and community organization. These groupements are further subdivided into villages, each of which is also governed by a customary chief. [5] [16]

Groupements (groupings)

The Muhungugroupement consists of the following villages: [6]

  • Kabondola
  • Kagunga
  • Kaholwa
  • Kalemba
  • Kasheke
  • Kaluzi
  • Kazimwe
  • Kibumbu
  • Kasanga
  • Kihanda
  • Mukololo
  • Lugwaja
  • Masango
  • Muzinda
  • Muhungu
  • Namukanga
  • Kiriba
  • Butaho
  • Kahwizi

The Kigoma groupement consists of the following villages:

  • Bibangwa
  • Bikenge
  • Kukanga
  • Bushajaga
  • Kahungwe
  • Butumba
  • Kabere
  • Karava
  • Kalengera
  • Kahololo
  • Kalimba
  • Karaguza
  • Kahungwe
  • Kasheke
  • Kiryama
  • Kanga
  • Kashagala
  • Kasenya
  • Kishugwe
  • Kigoma
  • Lubembe
  • Kihinga
  • Mangwa
  • Miduga
  • Kitembe
  • Mibere
  • Kitija
  • Muhanga
  • Kabamba
  • Mulenge
  • Kaduma
  • Mushojo
  • Masango
  • Kitoga
  • Mashuba
  • Mulama
  • Kagaragara
  • Ndegu,
  • Rurambira
  • Rugeje
  • Rubuga
  • Rusako
  • Sogoti
  • Taba
  • Sange
  • Kabunambo

The Runingugroupement consists of the following villages:

  • Katembo
  • Kashatu
  • Ruhito
  • Ruhuha
  • Namuziba
  • Kasambura
  • Katwenge
  • Bulindwe
  • Narumoka
  • Kalindwe

The Itara/Luvungi groupement consists of the following villages:

The Lemera groupement consists of the following villages:

  • Kiringye
  • Kidote
  • Langala
  • Bwesho
  • Mahungu or Mahungubwe
  • Narunanga
  • Namutiri
  • Lungutu
  • Kahanda
  • Kigurwe
  • Ndunda

Security problems

Over the last three decades, the Bafuliiru Chiefdom has encountered security challenges, with a history of conflicts often triggered by political, ethnic, and resource-driven tensions. [17] [18] Such conflicts have caused violent outbreaks and the forced movement of civilians in impacted regions. [2] [19] [20]

First and Secondo Congo Wars

The chiefdom has been affected by spillover effects from conflicts in neighboring countries during the First and Second Congo Wars. These conflicts turned the area into a major battleground for various armed groups, leading to widespread violence, displacement, and immense suffering for the local population. The region witnessed the presence of formidable forces such as the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), and numerous Mai-Mai groups, each pursuing their own agendas and alliances. [17] [21] [22]

First Congo War

The Lemera Hospital, where the Lemera massacre took place in October 1996 L'Hopital General de Reference de Lemera, Sud-Kivu.jpg
The Lemera Hospital, where the Lemera massacre took place in October 1996

During the First Congo War, rival factions clashed for control. The AFDL, backed by Rwanda and Uganda, confronted Mobutu Sese Seko's government forces. According to Amnesty International, the AFDL was responsible for various human rights violations during its campaign to overthrow Mobutu. [23] On 6 October 1996, a massacre occurred at Lemera Hospital, where the AFDL and a Banyamulenge-led force killed 37 people, among them Hutu refugees, Zairean soldiers, and Fuliiru civilians. According to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 UN Mapping Report, the victims were killed in their beds by "gunshots or bayonets". [24] [25] In subsequent days and weeks, the violence continued to escalate. On 13–14 October 1996, the AFDL and Banyamulenge armed units killed refugees in the Runingu camp. [24] Similarly, on 20 October 1996, AFDL/RPA/FAB units targeted Burundian and Rwandan Hutu refugees in the Luvungi groupement, which resulted in significant casualties. In Katala village, located in the middle plateau of Bafuliiru Chiefdom, they captured and killed refugees who were attempting to flee at close range. Local people were then forced to bury the bodies in mass graves. [24]

On the same day, 20 October 1996, AFDL/APR/FAB units killed an unidentified number of Hutu refugees, including approximately twenty in the camp's hospital in Kanganiro camp in Luvungi groupement. [24] Parenthetically, the units also killed an unknown number of Hutu refugees and Zairean civilians who were fleeing towards Burundi in Rubenga village in Uvira Territory. In Kakumbukumbu village, located five kilometers from Lubarika camp, soldiers burned thirty refugees alive in a house. [24] On 21 October 1996, AFDL/APR/FAB units butchered around 370 refugees in Luberizi and Mutarule. [24] By May 1997, the conflict resulted in the ousting of Mobutu and marked the beginning of a tumultuous period for the region. Laurent-Désiré Kabila declared himself the president of the DRC and renamed the country the "Democratic Republic of the Congo". [22]

Second Congo War

Visit of Laurent-Desire Kabila to the EC, discussing the armed conflict raging in the area, November 1998 Visit of Laurent Desire Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the EC.jpg
Visit of Laurent-Désiré Kabila to the EC, discussing the armed conflict raging in the area, November 1998

In the Second Congo War, which began in 1998, the Bafuliru Chiefdom once again became a battleground for rival factions and armed groups vying for power and control. The conflict witnessed various armed groups, including the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma (RCD-Goma) and multiple Mai-Mai groups, clashing in the region. [26] [27]

Numerous areas within the Bafuliru Chiefdom experienced targeted attacks on civilians. On 6 August 1998, members of RCD-Goma killed 13 people, including the chief of the Kiringye area, in the village of Lwiburule. Concurrently, and in the proximate vicinity of Kivovo, Kigongo, and Kalungwe villages, RCD-Goma and RPA operatives killed 15 civilians. [28] In the village of Katogota on 14 May 2000, RCD-Goma carried out a massacre that claimed the lives of over 300 people. [29] [30] [31] [32]

The conflict came to an end with the signing of the Global and Inclusive Agreement in 2002, followed by the establishment of a transitional government. However, the effects of the wars continue to linger, with communities grappling with the long-lasting consequences of violence, displacement, and trauma. [33] [27] [34] [35]

Economy

Cassava production in Katogota Cassava Production In Katogota.jpg
Cassava production in Katogota

Subsistence agriculture is the chiefdom's primary economic activity, with the surrounding fertile lands supporting the cultivation of a variety of crops such as cassava, beans, peanuts, coffee, banana, rice, and maize. [6] The region also grows sorghum, wheat, and soybeans, along with various fruit trees, including orange, mango, guava, and avocado. [36]

Cassava is among the most prominent agricultural commodities in the chiefdom areas of Ruzizi Plain and the Bafuliru Chiefdom. According to Bafuliiru folklore, cassava was introduced to the region during their migration from Lwindi Chiefdom, and it continues to serve as a vital food source. [6] Banana cultivation is widespread throughout the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, serving both as a food crop and a raw material for producing Kasigisi, a fermented beverage made from bananas and sorghum. [6]

Rice Cultivation In Ruzizi Plain of DR Congo.jpg
Ruzizi Plain, South Kivu Province, DR Congo.jpg
Rice cultivation in the Ruzizi Plain, Uvira Territory

Rice production, specifically varieties such as IR5, L9, and IRON 282, is also prominent, although it is more often cultivated as a cash crop. [6] Rice is primarily grown at the CEP Kabwe, Kaliri, and the Cenre Developpement Communautaire (CDC) in Kiringye. [6] [37] [38] [39] Similarly, beans are grown predominantly in the central part of Lemera, covering areas from Rubanga to Mulenge, with large portions marketed in Bukavu and Uvira, as well as exported to neighboring countries like Burundi and Rwanda. [6] Maize is widely cultivated in the Ruzizi Plain and the Hauts Plateaux, where it serves as a primary food source. [6] Peanuts, primarily grown in Luvungi and Lubarika, are consumed locally and exported to Rwanda and Burundi, with some also sold in Bukavu. [6]

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom is also notable for its coffee production, with two species cultivated: Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora . [6] The more common arabica species is grown in areas such as Ndolera, Buheba, Lemera, Katala, and Mugule, and is a significant export product, particularly to Burundi. [6]

See also

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References

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  10. ↑ Jouannet, Francis (1984). Phonologie du kifuliru: langue bantoue du groupe J (in French). Paris, France: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. p. 16. ISBN   9782852971172.
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  12. ↑ Rapport annuel 1986, administration du territoire collectivité-chefferie des Bafuliiru (in French). Democratic Republic of the Congo. 31 December 1986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  14. ↑ Culture et société: Volume 4 (in French). Bujumbura, Burundi: Centre de Civilisation Burundais. 1981. p. 114.
  15. ↑ Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). "Aux Origines De La Ville D'uvira Selon Les Explorateurs Et Les Pionniers De La Colonisation Belge Au Zaire (1840-1914)". Civilisations. 37 (1): 91–92. ISSN   0009-8140. JSTOR   41968746.
  16. ↑ "Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces". Leganet.cd. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  17. 1 2 "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). University of Texas Libraries (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  18. ↑ García, José (16 September 2004). "Situation geographique de localites de Kamanyola et Katogota dans la cheferie de la plaine de Ruzizi". Umoya.org (in French). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  19. ↑ "Commémoration du 23ème anniversaire du massacre de Katogota au Sud-Kivu: des avancées significatives enregistrées dans le processus de lutte contre l'impunité!" [Commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the Katogota massacre in South Kivu: significant progress recorded in the process of fighting impunity!]. Juardc.info (in French). 14 May 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  20. ↑ Kakule, Job (14 May 2022). "[Histoire] 14 mai 2000 : Massacre de plus de 300 personnes à Katogota en territoire d'Uvira" [[History] May 14, 2000: Massacre of more than 300 people in Katogota in Uvira territory]. Grandslacsnews.com (in French). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  21. ↑ Mukwege, Denis (9 June 2022). "Rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: from holistic care to transitional justice". Revue LISA/LISA e-journal. Littératures, Histoire des Idées, Images, Sociétés du Monde Anglophone – Literature, History of Ideas, Images and Societies of the English-speaking World. 20 (53). doi: 10.4000/lisa.13875 . ISSN   1762-6153. S2CID   249692220.
  22. 1 2 Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2004). "From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition" (PDF). Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Uppsala, Sweden. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  23. ↑ "Zaire: Hidden from scrutiny: human rights abuses in eastern Zaire" (PDF). London, England, United Kingdom: Amnesty International. 19 December 1996. pp. 1–9. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu". Mapping-report.org. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  25. ↑ "Interview: A fate shaped by injustice – one man's mission to help the women of DR Congo". News.un.org. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  26. ↑ Kiley, Penny (10 September 2012). "Sortir de l'impasse: Vers une nouvelle vision de la paix à l'est de la RDC" [Breaking the impasse: Towards a new vision of peace in eastern DRC]. International Alert (in French). pp. 20–24. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  27. 1 2 Ngolet, François (14 December 2010). Crisis in the Congo: The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   9780230116252.
  28. ↑ "Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Mapping-report.org. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  29. ↑ "Report Claims Rebels Massacre 300 in Congo". Orlando Sentinel . Orlando, Florida, United States. 21 May 2000. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  30. ↑ "Congo rebels 'massacre 300'". BBC . London, England, United Kingdom. 21 May 2000. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  31. ↑ Sabuni, Abel Mukunde. "Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005" [Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the territory of Uvira from 1996 to 2005] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  32. ↑ "DRC rebels deny massacre". Mail & Guardian . Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. 23 May 2000. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  33. ↑ "Congo peace deal signed". The Guardian . Kings Place, London, England, United Kingdom. 17 December 2002. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  34. ↑ "Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Pretoria Agreement) | UN Peacemaker". Peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  35. ↑ "Inter-Congolese Negotiations: The Final Act (Sun City Agreement) | UN Peacemaker". Peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  36. ↑ Mutayubara, Yohana Patience Miruho. "Dégradation des routes de desserte agricole et production agricole dans la Chefferie des Bafuliiru en Territoire d'Uvira" [Degradation of agricultural service roads and agricultural production in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Uvira Territory]. Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira (in French). Uvira, Uvira Territory, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  37. ↑ "Performance of introduced irrigated rice varieties in Ruzizi plain, South Kivu province, DR Congo" (PDF). Kampala, Uganda: Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture. September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  38. ↑ "Travaux de rehabilitation du Cenre Developpement Communautaire (CDC) de Kiringye dans le Territoire d'Uvira, province de Sud-Kivu en République démocratique du Congo" [Rehabilitation works of the Community Development Center (CDC) of Kiringye in the Territory of Uvira, province of South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Ungm.org. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  39. ↑ Leposo, Bruce (July 10, 2019). "Sud-Kivu-PICAGL : Avis au public d'étude d'impact environnemental et social pour la réhabilitation et la modernisation du centre de développement communautaire de Kiringye à Uvira". libregrandlac.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-09-04.
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