Luvungi

Last updated
Luvungi
Grouping
Groupement d'Itara-Luvungi
Luvungi, Uvira Territory, South Kivu, DR congo.jpg
Luvungi, February 2013
CountryFlag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DR Congo
Province South Kivu
Territory Uvira
Chiefdom Bafuliiru
Population
 (2017) [1]
 • Total
85,000
Time zone UTC+2 (CAT)

Luvungi, also known as Itara-Luvungi, is one of the groupements (groupings) within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in the Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Situated on the Ruzizi Plain, it lies at the borders of Uvira Territory and Walungu Territory, in close proximity to the frontiers of Rwanda and Burundi. Luvungi is home to a population of approximately 85,000 individuals, predominantly consisting of Fuliru agriculturalists who play a vital role in the local community. There's also has a small population of Vira, Bembe, Lega, Shi, Burundians and Banyamulenge. Its economy is founded mainly on subsistence agriculture and the artisanal mining of cassiterite, an ore of tin. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Etymology

The precise meaning or origin of the name "Luvungi" is not explicitly specified in the colonial records. According to a report conducted by SERACOB for Uvira Territory, the name "Luvungi" could potentially be a regional adaptation or modification of another name. The name might have derived from the river "Luvubu," while the local farmers referred to it as "Iyombe." The historical and cultural importance of the name likely stems from the indigenous customs and heritage of the Fuliru community. [6]

History

A Uganda Railway train carrying captured German war flags, 1914 The Times history of the war (1914) train with war trophies (ref Luvungi).jpg
A Uganda Railway train carrying captured German war flags, 1914
Post and village of Luvungi, Belgian Congo, ca. 1928 Luvungi, Congo Belge, 1928.jpg
Post and village of Luvungi, Belgian Congo, ca. 1928

Until 1904, the Itara-Luvungi groupement was under the administration of Uvira, which was governed by the Congo Free State. [7] [8] In the 1910s, the region served as a major battleground for various European powers vying for control. On 29 September 1914, the Germans initiated an attack against the Belgians. Following a fierce conflict enduring fourteen hours, the fighting remained inconclusive, leading the Germans to retreat. The aftermath of the battle left behind abandoned equipment and the loss of over 60 lives. [9] In the midst of World War I, specifically on 12 January 1915, Luvungi experienced a raid by German forces originating from German East Africa. The incursion occurred within the broader context of the East African campaign. Despite being a relatively small-scale operation, the raid resulted in German defeat, and their commander, Karl Schimmer, was killed. [10]

Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Nia Magira (Lemera), Belgian Congo, circa 1925 Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom, 1925, Congo Belge.jpg
Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Nia Magira (Lemera), Belgian Congo, circa 1925

In 1920, a post station was officially established under the leadership of J. Cunds. Thereupon, negotiations took place between Chief Kabwika and the territorial authorities to address the administrative challenges encountered in Luvungi. The newly established post witnessed rapid stability and progress. Infrastructure development, including road construction, attracted settlers from the middle and high plateaus to the Ruzizi Plain. [11] [12] [13] [14]

Cultural history

Prior to the arrival of the Belgians, the Bafuliiru Chiefdom was under the reign of Mwami Kalingishi, a member of the Bahamba clan of Fulliru people. As the king, Kalingishi held significant authority, and all power was concentrated within the ruling family. This consolidation of power extended to the various groups known as "Baluzi". During the colonial period, the Belgian administration established chiefdoms as a part of their governance system. Luvungi became a part of the Bafuliru Chiefdom, which was created in 1921. The chiefdoms served as local administrative units representing the central government. [6]

Geography

Luvungi lies within the Ruzizi Plain, a vast low-lying area extending between the Mitumba mountain chain and the Ruzizi River. The plain is renowned for its fertile soils, making it an agriculturally productive region. The village is crossed by the Ruvubu River, which flows into the larger Ruzizi River. The Ruvubu River serves as a key waterway, contributing to the agricultural and economic activities of the area. Additionally, the Munyovwe River, a tributary of the Ruvubu, traverses through Luvungi, providing a water source for the local inhabitants. [15] [14]

Climate

Luvungi, similar to many areas in the South Kivu Province, encounters a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons all year round. The rainy season spans for about nine months, starting from September and stretching until May, with frequent rainfall. Conversely, Luvungi experiences a three-month dry season from June to August, significantly reducing the precipitation levels. The region receives an average annual rainfall of approximately 940 millimeters (Pmm), which contributes to its fertile soil and agricultural productivity. [15]

Geology

Ruzizi Plain, October 2012 Ruzizi Plain, South Kivu Province, DR Congo.jpg
Ruzizi Plain, October 2012

Luvungi is an area with a diverse range of soil types, including sandy, gravelly, black alluvial, and clayey soils, each with unique characteristics that impact agricultural practices and land use. Notably, the area is home to various water bodies, including the Ruvubu River that flows into the Ruzizi River, which contributes to the formation of alluvial deposits along their banks and influences the landscape. This diversity allows for the cultivation of a wide range of crops, including maize, bush beans, cowpea, cassava, cabbage, potatoes, paddy rice, carrots, soybeans, amaranth, onions, bananas, and spring onions, rendering Luvungi and its environs renowned as one of the country's best-stocked granaries. [15] [16] [17] [18]

Administrative divisions

The Luvungi groupement (grouping) is subdivided into several smaller units commonly known as villages within the groupement. Each village is led by its own local leadership or representatives who work collaboratively with the overall administration of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. [19]

Luvungi groupement is subdivided into 10 villages:

Security problems

The Luvungi groupement, like many other regions in the Ruzizi Plain, has been confronted with various conflicts and security challenges. It has been significantly affected by the presence of various armed groups, encompassing both local militias and foreign factions. On October 20, 1996, during the First Congo War, Luvungi experienced a massacre when the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), and Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB) units targeted the refugee camps in Bafuliiru Chiefdom. Approximately 100 Burundian and Rwandan Hutu refugees were killed in Luvungi refugee camps. On the same day, the AFDL/APR/FAB units also killed an unknown number of refugees, including around twenty in the camp's hospital in Kanganiro camp in Bafuliiru Chiefdom. Additionally, they targeted and killed an unknown number of refugees who sought shelter in the homes of Zairian civilians in Luvingi. [20] [21]

Moving forward to October 21, 1996, the AFDL/RPA/FAB units resumed their violence, killing an unknown number of Rwandan and Burundian refugees, as well as Zairian civilians who were attempting to flee the village after the departure of the Zairian Armed Forces (FAZ) in Lubarika village, located in the Luvungi groupement of Bafuliiru Chiefdom. The soldiers forced local residents to bury the bodies in four large mass graves. Incidentally, on the same day, around 370 refugees were killed in Luberizi and Mutarule by the AFDL/RPA/FAB units. The victims' bodies were disposed of in pit latrines, while others were discovered in houses in the two towns. [20]

In the Second Congo War, with the emergence of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie; RCD), conflicts in the Ruzizi Plain escalated following the power shift and the coalition formed by the Banyamulenge and Barundi against the Bafuliiru, particularly in Luvungi and Sange. [21] The RCD forces took control of certain provincial mineral resources, leading to a swift military operation to plagued regions in the Ruzizi Plain as well as in Walungu Territory, Kabare Territory, Kalehe Territory, and Shabunda Territory. Luvungi and its surrounding areas experienced numerous casualties, displacement of locals, and a large-scale exodus of people seeking refuge in the middle plateaus of the Itara-Luvungi groupement. [21]

Sexual violence

Women of Luvungi, June 2016 Luvungi, Uvira Territory, South Kivu Province, DR congo 2016.jpg
Women of Luvungi, June 2016

During times of conflict and insecurity in various parts of the DRC, sexual violence has been wielded as a weapon to instill fear, exert control, and inflict deep trauma upon individuals and communities. Women, girls, and occasionally even men have endured sexual assault, rape, and other manifestations of gender-based violence. [22] [23] [24] [25] In 2010, approximately 200 women were reportedly victims of mass rape within the Luvungi groupement of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, despite the presence of United Nations peacekeepers nearby. [26] [27] [28] Margot Wallstrom, addressing the United Nations Security Council, expressed her shock and condemnation, deeming these acts as "unimaginable and unacceptable" upon discovering the possible involvement of Congolese government soldiers as perpetrators. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Kivu</span> Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

North Kivu is a province bordering Lake Kivu in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital city is Goma. Spanning approximately 59,483 square kilometers with a population estimate of 8,147,400 as of 2020, it is bordered by Ituri Province to the north, Tshopo Province to the northwest, Maniema Province to the southwest, and South Kivu Province to the south, as well as Uganda and Rwanda to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Kivu</span> Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

South Kivu is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Its capital is Bukavu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uvira</span> City in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Uvira is a city strategically located in the South Kivu Province of the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Covering approximately 16 square kilometers and with an estimated population of 726,000 as of 2024, it borders Bafuliru Chiefdom and Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom to the north, Bavira Chiefdom to the south, and Lake Tanganyika and the Ruzizi River to the east. These rivers form natural boundaries between the DRC and Burundi. Located in the Ruzizi Plain at a low altitude, the city lies between Burundi's Congo-Nile ridge and the Mitumba mountains.

Mulenge is a village encircled by hills in the Kigoma groupement (grouping), within Bafuliiru Chiefdom, located in the Uvira Territory, South Kivu, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is situated on the high plateaus of the Itombwe massif, overlooking the locality of Uvira. The area has conventionally been inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the remnants of the autochthonous population of African Pygmies, as well as Bantu ethnic groups such as the Mbuti, Fuliiru, and Nyindu. The region boasts high agricultural productivity, with two harvests typically achievable each year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walungu Territory</span> Territory in South Kivu, DR Congo

WalunguTerritory is a territory located within the South Kivu Province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Situated approximately 40 km from Bukavu, the capital of South Kivu Province, it shares borders with Kabare Territory to the north, Mwenga Territory to the south, Uvira Territory and the Ruzizi River, as well as the Republics of Rwanda and Burundi to the east, and Shabunda Territory and part of Kabare Territory to the west. According to the 2018 national census, the region has a population of 716,671, with 672,436 residing in the Ngweshe Chiefdom and 44,235 in the Kaziba Chiefdom. Spanning an area of 1,800 km2, Walungu Territory has a population density of 398 inhabitants per square kilometer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Runingo</span> Grouping in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Runingo, commonly known as Runingu, is one of the groupements (groupings) that constitutes the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in the Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is situated near the border with Burundi, along National Highway 5, to the north of Butaho.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Furiiru people</span> Bantu ethnic group native to Central Africa

The Fuliru people are a Bantu ethnic group native to the South Kivu Province of the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They predominantly inhabit the Uvira Territory, forming the largest ethnic group within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, located centrally and to the northwest. They also form the primary constituency in the Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom, to the northeast, near the Rwanda and Burundi borders, where some Fuliru communities reside.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uvira Territory</span> Territory in South Kivu, DR Congo

Uvira Territory is a territory located in South Kivu Province in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Encompassing an area of roughly 3,146 kilometers and with a population estimate of 1,165,092 as of 2020, it is bordered by Walungu Territory to the north, Mwenga Territory to the west, and Fizi Territory to the south. The territory's southeastern boundary is defined by the city of Uvira, which attained city status on 13 June 2019, while the eastern perimeter adjoins the Republic of Burundi and Lake Tanganyika. Within the territory, Kiliba and Sange serve as significant towns.

Luberizi is a village located in the Luvungi groupement within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom of Uvira Territory, South Kivu Province, in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At an elevation of 957 meters, it has a local population of about 25,462. It sits astride the N5 road where it crosses the Luberizi River, nearly midway between Uvira to the south and Bukavu to the north. The village of Mutarule, the scene of the 2014 South Kivu attack, is located nearby.

Lemera is one of the groupements (groupings) within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, located in the Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is situated in the northwestern part of the Uvira Territory, approximately 60 kilometers north of Bukavu and 90 kilometers southwest of the border with Rwanda and Burundi. Lemera is in close proximity to several villages, including Kasheke, Nyambasha, Luzira, Lukayo, Kajuju, Lushasha, and Ihusi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo</span> Town in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sange is a village located in the Kigoma groupement (grouping), within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom of Uvira Territory in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is situated 24 km from the Burundian border, at 1,021 meters altitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katogota</span> Village in the DRC

Katogota is a village located in the Itara-Luvungi grouping within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Situated approximately 60 km south of Bukavu, Katogota is in close proximity to the Kamonyi and Rusagara villages, near the border regions of Rwanda and Burundi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamanyola</span> Grouping in Ngweshe Chiefdom, Walungu Territory

Kamanyola is one of the groupements (groupings) within the Ngweshe Chiefdom of the Walungu Territory. It is located in the Ruzizi Plain in the South Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), sharing a border with Rwanda and Burundi. Kamanyola stands at a height of 901 meters and is closely situated to the suburb of Mwaro and the village of Mubombo.

Bwegera is a village in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in the Uvira Territory of South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bwegera has an elevation of 952 meters and is situated in the vicinity of the Kakamba and Nyaruhuhuma villages. The region It's crossed by Lake Tanganyika, providing a vital source of water and transportation for the local inhabitants. Bwegera is rich in building materials such as rubble, sand, and baked bricks, making it an ideal location for construction and development. The region also encompasses a vast rural area where agriculture, animal breeding, and fishing are the primary means of livelihood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lubarika</span> Village in Bafuliru Chiefdom, Uvira Territory

Lubarika is a village situated in the hills and high plateaus of Itara/Luvungi groupement in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, Uvira Territory, in the South Kivu Province of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It sits at an elevation of 969 meters above sea level and is near the villages of Murunga and Nyakagobe II. Lubarika is a predominantly agricultural region with large hectares used for subsistence agriculture. Agriculture is practiced by an extensive segment of the population. The products grown are mainly intended for domestic consumption and commercialization. Moreover, fishing is carried out artisanally in Lake Tanganyika by the local population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruzizi Plain</span> River valley in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Ruzizi Plain is a valley situated between the Mitumba mountain chain and the Ruzizi River. It serves as a natural border, separating the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from Burundi and Rwanda on the other side. The Ruzizi Plain is an integral part of the larger Western Rift Valley, which stretches across several African countries. It is traversed by the Ruzizi River, which flows from Lake Kivu through the plain and into Lake Tanganyika. It covers an area of 175,000 hectares divided between Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC. In Burundi, the plain extends to the northern sector of Imbo. It is bounded by parallels 2°36′ and 3°26′ south latitude and by meridians 29°00′ and 29°26 east longitude—an area of 1025 km2. The Congolese side is bounded to the north by the plain of Bugarama (Rwanda), to the east by the plain of Imbo (Burundi), to the West by the chain of Mitumba and to the South by Lake Tanganyika. The region covers thus about 80,000 hectares with 80 kilometers in length.

Kiringye is a village situated in the Lemera groupement within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, which is part of Uvira Territory in the South Kivu Province in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The village is located at an elevation of 928 meters and is in close proximity to the localities of Luburule and Karenzu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sange River</span> River in Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Sange River is a tributary of the Ruzizi River in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It serves as a reliable source of water for domestic and commercial use, and families living along its banks rely on its pristine waters for drinking, cooking, and household chores. Local businesses depend on the river's abundant supply to meet the needs of visitors and tourists. Moreover, the river's flow sustains an ecosystem of services.

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom, also spelled as Chefferie de Bafulero, is a chiefdom located in Uvira Territory, South Kivu Province, in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngweshe Chiefdom</span> Chiefdom in Walungu Territory, South Kivu

The Ngweshe Chiefdom is a chiefdom located in Walungu Territory, within the South Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It shares borders with Kabare Territory to the north, Rwanda and Burundi to the northeast, Mwenga Territory and Shabunda Territory to the south, and Kaziba Chiefdom to the east. According to the territory's 2018 annual report, the chiefdom has an estimated population of 672,436.

References

  1. ↑ "Social stabilization and protection of vulnerable groups in conflict-affected communities in the province of South Kivu" (PDF). undp.
  2. ↑ "Luvungi". Luminosity. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  3. ↑ Comptes rendus: Volumes 3-4 (in French). Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Comité spécial du Katanga. 1950. p. 102.
  4. ↑ "Sud-Kivu: la population de Bwegera manifeste contre la vente de près de 800 hectares de terre". Radio Okapi (in French). 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  5. ↑ "MONOGRAPHIE DE LA CHEFFEERIE DES BAFULIIRU". www.africmemoire.com. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  6. 1 2 "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). University of Texas Libraries. Austin, Texas. 2004. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  7. ↑ Rapports au Roi-Souverain de l'État Indépendant du Congo (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Congo Free State. 1895. p. 143.
  8. ↑ Documents relatifs à l'ancien district du Kivu, 1900-1922 (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Congo Bureau Archives. 1959. pp. 309–424.
  9. ↑ Times history of the war Times history and encyclopaedia of the war World War, 1914-1918. 1914. p. 159.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Samson, Anne (2016). "Ruanda and Urundi". 1914-1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  11. ↑ Renseignements de l'Office Colonial: Volume 9 (in French). Contributor: Royaume de Belgique. Ministère des Colonies. Office Colonial. Brussels, Belgium: Goemaere. 1920. p. 145.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ↑ Sharpe, Alfred (1921). The Backbone of Africa: A Record of Travel During the Great War, with Some Suggestions for Administrative Reform. Livingston, United Kingdom: Witherby. p. 83.
  13. ↑ Depelchin, Jacques (1974). From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire. Stanford, California, United States: Stanford University. pp. 87–94.
  14. 1 2 "CHAP. I. LE GROUPEMENT D'ITARA/LUVUNGI DANS LA CHEFERIE DE BAFULIIRU". www.africmemoire.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  15. 1 2 3 Ngoy, M. (1997). Histoire politique du Groupement de Luvungi (1902-1978) (in French). Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Isnstitut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu).
  16. ↑ lynn (2018-07-26). "Congo Farm Project". Small Farmer's Journal. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  17. ↑ "Stories | Farmer field schools at the service of sustainable rice". www.rikolto.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  18. ↑ "You are being redirected..." www.iita.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  19. ↑ "Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces". www.leganet.cd. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  20. 1 2 "Attacks against Hutu refugees – Uvira territory (South Kivu)" . Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  21. 1 2 3 Iguma, Claude; Mudinga, Emery; Mushobekwa, Franck; Nathalie, Bindja; Maliyaseme, Sosthène (2016). "Décryptage des dynamiques socio-sécuritaires, foncières et politiques dans le territoire d'Uvira et le secteur d'Itombwe (Sud Kivu)" (PDF). Action pour la Paix et la Concorde (APC) (in French). Lake Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. pp. 17–36. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  22. ↑ Škof, Lenart; Hawke, Shé M., eds. (February 12, 2021). Shame, Gender Violence, and Ethics: Terrors of Injustice. Contributors: Aaron Looney, Benjamin Duerr, Cecilia Herles, Danny Marrero, Eleanor Sanderson, Farida Khalaf, Jane Barter, Janet H. Anderson, Melissa McKay, Rouba El Helou-Sensenig, Sashinungla, Vita Emery, Vojko Strahovnik. Pennsylvania, United States: Lexington Books. p. 108. ISBN   9781793604682.
  23. ↑ "VIOLENCES SEXUELLES ET BASEES SUR LE GENRE AU SUD-KIVU: PRATIQUES, CAPACITES DE RESILIENCE ET QUALIFICATION PAR L'ETAT CONGOLAIS - Bosco MUCHUKIWA RUKAKIZA". Edilivre (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  24. ↑ "RDC: Quand les hommes se font violer". BBC News Afrique (in French). 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  25. ↑ Pape, Marc Le (2013-05-28). "Viol d'hommes, masculinités et conflits armés". Cahiers d'études africaines (in French). 53 (209–210): 201–215. doi: 10.4000/etudesafricaines.17290 . ISSN   0008-0055. S2CID   142632342.
  26. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2010-10-04). "Mass Rapes in Congo Reveals U.N. Weakness". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  27. ↑ "Les femmes violées de Luvungi". Paris Match . Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  28. ↑ "Récurrence des cas de viols en RDC". Radio Okapi (in French). 2010-10-04. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  29. ↑ "U.N.: 'Unimaginable' rape claims in Congo - UPI.com". UPI. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

2°52′S29°02′E / 2.86°S 29.03°E / -2.86; 29.03

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.