Basidiolichen

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Cora glabrata Cora glabrata (3143611489).jpg
Cora glabrata
Lichenomphalia umbellifera Lichenomphalia umbellifera - Lindsey 1a.jpg
Lichenomphalia umbellifera
Multiclavula mucida Multiclavula mucida 23753.jpg
Multiclavula mucida

Basidiolichens are lichenized members of the division Basidiomycota within the subkingdom Dikarya of the kingdom Fungi. They form a diverse yet much smaller group of lichens than the far more common ascolichens of the division Ascomycota. [1] Owing to how few described species there are, basidiolichens are generally considered to be poorly researched, and few studies that characterize their natural products exist. Biogeographically, basidiolichen species may be distributed in a cosmopolitan manner or more regionally, ranging from arctic and montane habitats to more temperate and tropical environments. Morphologically, basidiocarp (fruiting body) and thallus (vegetative tissue) structures may vary widely within and between basidiolichen genera. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Basidiolichen mycobionts consist of 172 known species (0.9% of the total number of accepted lichen species) across 15 genera, 5 families, and 5 orders within the class Agaricomycetes in the fungal division Basidiomycota. [1] The majority of described basidiolichen mycobionts belong to the genus Cora , followed by the genera Dictyonema and Multiclavula . Other genera include Acantholichen , Arrhenia , Athelia , Athelopsis , Corella, Cyphellostereum , Ertzia , Lepidostroma , Lichenomphalia, Marchandiomphalina, Semiomphalina , and Sulzbacheromyces . [1] [2] The species Marasmiellus affixus is suggested to be yet another lichen-forming basidiomycete, [3] but this has yet to be proven. [2] [4] As a distinction, many basidiomycetes are lichenicolous and exclusively inhabit their host lichens; [5] these interactions, however, are secondary to the mutualistic mycobiont-photobiont interaction that determines more directly whether a lichen is considered an ascolichen or basidiolichen.

Basidiolichen photobionts are less described but are known to belong to the cyanobacterial genera Scytonema and Rhizonema and to the algal genera Coccomyxa (class Trebouxiophyceae) and Bracteacoccus (class Chlorophyceae). [2] [6]

Biogeography

While localized primarily in the tropical and montane environments of Central and South America, specimens of the basidiolichen genus Cora have also been identified in the South Atlantic, Africa, and Asia. [7]

In arctic, alpine, and temperate forests, the most common basidiolichens are in the agaric genus Lichenomphalia [8] (including former members of Omphalina or Gerronema ) and the clavarioid genus Multiclavula . [9] Several lichenized genera occur in tropical regions, the most common being the foliose Dictyonema .

Morphology

The interactions between mycobionts and photobionts in basidiolichens occur primarily at the level of the thallus. In basidiolichens of the genera Acantholichen, Cora, and Dictyonema , photobionts may be penetrated by hyphal tips called haustoria and thereby assimilated into the complete lichen thallus. In some Lepidostroma species, the hyphal tips may develop into flattened appressoria to interact with the photobiont. In species of Athelia, Athelopsis, Cyphellostereum, Lepidostroma, and especially Multiclavula , the association takes the form of globular photobiont clusters ensheathed by fungal hyphae. [2]

Basidiolichen genera within the family Hygrophoraceae possess a variety of basidiocarp structures. Within the genus Cora, fruiting bodies are often lobed and may be glabrous (smooth and glossy) or setose (bristly), ranging in color from green to white. [7] Basidiolichens of the genus Lichenomphalia are more agaricoid (mushroom-like) in appearance, possessing a funnel-shaped cap, stalk, and gills. Members of Cyphellostereum form small white fan-like basidiocarps. The genus Multiclavula of the family Clavulinaceae as well as the genera within the family Lepidostromataceae are characterized by their clavarioid (erect, club-shaped, sometimes branching) fruiting bodies. The genus Marchandiomphalina of the family Corticiaceae comprises only one species, the corticoid (crust-like) basidiolichen M. foliacea. Its lack of conspicuous basidiocarps is a quality shared also by the two basidiolichen species of the family Atheliaceae. [2]

Natural products

The lichen species Cora glabrata has been reported to produce a hemagglutinating lectin [10] as well as various polysaccharides, including a unique (1→6)-linked β-D-mannan. [11]

Tentative chemical analyses suggest that the newly described Dictyonema huaorani produces the psychedelic psilocybin. [12] The basidiolichen was previously reported to have been used in the Ecuadorian Amazon by Huaorani shamans to call upon evil spirits and curse people. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hygrophoraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics, including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species, DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets.

<i>Cyphellostereum</i> Genus of fungi

Cyphellostereum is a genus of basidiolichens. Species produce white, somewhat cup-shaped fruit bodies on a thin film of green on soil which is the thallus. All Cyphellostereum species have nonamyloid spores and tissues, lack clamp connections, and also lack hymenial cystidia.

Acantholichen is a fungal genus in the family Hygrophoraceae. The genus was circumscribed by Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen to contain the type, and at that time, only species, the basidiolichen Acantholichen pannarioides, discovered originally in Costa Rica in 1998. This species has a bluish, gelatinous thallus, and a fine, white powdery bloom covering the hairy upper surface; this surface is said to resemble "an unshaven chin". Five additional species, all basidiolichens, were added to the genus in 2016 following an in-depth analysis of specimens collected from the Galápagos, Costa Rica, Brazil and Colombia.

Dictyonema is a genus of mainly tropical basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidostromatales</span> Order of fungi

Lepidostromatales is an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. It is the only known order of basidiomycete fungi composed entirely of lichenized members. Morphologically, the fruiting bodies of all species are clavarioid. Six species are known, five of which were described within the span of 2007–2013. Due to its morphological similarity to the genus Multiclavula, its isolated phylogenetic position was not understood until quite recently. The photobionts that have been found in association with members of this group are not known to associate with any other types of lichenized fungi.

Ertzia is a monospecific genus in the family Lepidostromataceae. The sole species is Ertzia akagerae, a basidiolichen. The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by Brendan Hodkinson and Robert Lücking. Ertzia is distinguished from all other lichenized clavarioid fungi by having a microsquamulose thallus that forms contiguous glomerules with a cortex of jigsaw puzzle-shaped cells. Ertzia akagerae grows on soil in the African tropics.

Sulzbacheromyces is a genus of basidiolichens in the family Lepidostromataceae. The genus is distinguished from the other genera of Lepidostromataceae by having an entirely crustose thallus and from Multiclavula (Cantharellales) by having a chlorococcoid photobiont. The type species grows on soil in the neotropics.

<i>Lepidostroma</i> Genus of fungi

Lepidostroma is a genus in the family Lepidostromataceae. The genus is distinguished from all other lichenized clavarioid fungi by having a distinctly squamulose thallus with scattered to dense rounded to reniform squamules. Four species are known from the tropics of Africa and the Americas.

Cora hirsuta is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in the páramo region near Bogotá at over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) elevation, it was described as new to science in 2011. The lichen, characterised by its distinctively hairy upper surface and smaller lobes, thrives in a variety of habitats, including soil, bryophytes, and as epiphytes on trees.

Dictyonema huaorani is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was first described in 2014.

<i>Cora</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Cora is a large genus of basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae. Modern molecular phylogenetics research has revealed a rich biodiversity in this largely tropical genus.

Cora casanarensis is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Colombia, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by Leidy Yasmín Vargas, Bibiana Moncada, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in Finca El Paraiso at an altitude of 1,400 m (4,600 ft). The lichen is only known to occur at the type locality, where it grows on rocks, often associated with bryophytes and with lichens from genus Hypotrachyna. The specific epithet refers to Casanare, the central eastern Colombian department that contains the type locality. Phylogenetically, the closest species to Cora casanarensis is C. strigosa, found in Peru.

Cora arachnoidea is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as a new species in 2013 by Jesús Hernández and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in the surroundings of Laguna de Mucubají, at an altitude of 3,626 m (11,896 ft). The specific epithet makes reference to the arachnoid (cobwebby) texture of the thallus surface. Another member of the genus with a similar surface is Cora hirsuta.

Acantholichen pannarioides is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae, and the type species of genus Acantholichen. The lichen has a bluish-tinged, gelatinous thallus with a surface texture that has a powdery to hairy texture. It is found in montane regions of Central America and northern South America, where it grows on forest litter, bark, on bryophytes, and on other lichens.

Multiclavula ichthyiformis is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Costa Rica, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Matthew Nelsen, Robert Lücking, Loengrin Umaña, Marie Trest, and Susan Will-Wolf. The type collection was collected in the Macizo de la Muerte section of Tapantí National Park at an elevation of 2,700 m (8,900 ft). Here, in a disturbed high-altitude peat bog in a rainforest, it was found growing on the ground along a brook and a road bank.

Dictyonema album is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is found in Mauritius, where it grows as an epiphyte on shrubs.

Dictyonema aeruginosulum is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Characteristics of the lichen include its distinctive finger-like projections and blue-green hue. It is distinguishable from its closest relatives by its unique morphology and the absence of clamp connections in its structure. Dictyonema aeruginosulum is an epiphyte, forming thick mats on tree trunks within rainforest regions. The species was first identified in Costa Rica's Tenorio Volcano National Park, and it has only been recorded from this location.

Dictyonema metallicum is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is found in the montane rainforests of Ecuador. Characterised by its metallic shimmer, it is an epiphytic lichen that spans large areas on host tree trunks and frequently extends to adjacent bryophytes. Its unique visual texture is created by the loosely interwoven dark blue fibrils of the thallus, a thin, compressed filamentous layer, accentuated by a silver prothallus.

<i>Multiclavula mucida</i> Species of lichen

Multiclavula mucida is a globally distributed species of basidiolichen belonging to the family Hydnaceae. Since its initial classification by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1797, the species has been described under various synonyms and associated with multiple genera. Persoon described its fruiting bodies as gregarious, varying from simple to branching structures, predominantly whitish in colour with yellow to brownish tips. He also noted its frequent appearance in autumn on decaying, moist wood, often covered with a greenish crust necessary for its growth.

Sulzbacheromyces caatingae is a species of basidiolichen in the family Lepidostromataceae. Discovered in 2012 in northeastern Brazil, it is characterised by its thin green crustose thallus and distinctive orange-pink, club-shaped reproductive structures. The species has a broad ecological amplitude, occurring across different vegetation types from the semi-arid Caatinga to humid Atlantic Forest fragments, where it grows on soil banks and termite nests near forest edges. As the type species of the genus Sulzbacheromyces, it represents a unique evolutionary lineage within the order Lepidostromatales and can be distinguished from similar-looking species by its undifferentiated thallus structure and association with green algae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017-01-03). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota – Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. ISSN   0007-2745.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oberwinkler, F. (2012), Hock, Bertold (ed.), "16 Basidiolichens", Fungal Associations, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 341–362, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_16, ISBN   978-3-642-30826-0 , retrieved 2024-09-17
  3. ↑ Dennis, R. W. G.; Singer, R. (1973). "The Genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the Neotropics". Mycologia. 66 (2): 382. doi:10.2307/3758379. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3758379.
  4. ↑ "Marasmiellus affixus - Lichen Case Studies". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
  5. ↑ Diederich, Paul; Millanes, Ana M.; Wedin, Mats; Lawrey, James D. (20 August 2022). Flora of Lichenicolous Fungi. Basidiomycota (PDF). Vol. 1. Luxembourg: National Museum of Natural History. p. 351. ISBN   978-2-919877-26-3.
  6. ↑ Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert (2014). "Lepidostromatales, a new order of lichenized fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes), with two new genera, Ertzia and Sulzbacheromyces, and one new species, Lepidostroma winklerianum". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 165–179. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0267-0. ISSN   1560-2745.
  7. 1 2 Moncada, Bibiana; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Lücking, Robert (2019-12-01). "The lichenized genus Cora (Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) in Mexico: high species richness, multiple colonization events, and high endemism". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 393–411. doi: 10.2478/pfs-2019-0026 . ISSN   2657-5000.
  8. ↑ "Lichenomphalia umbellifera. photo - cvcc photos at pbase.com" . Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  9. ↑ "Multiclavula corynoides". Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  10. ↑ Elifio, Selene L.; De Lourdes C. C. Da Silva, Maria; Iacomini, Marcello; Gorin, Philip A. J. (2000-11-27). "A lectin from the lichenized Basidiomycete Dictyonema glabratum". New Phytologist. 148 (2): 327–334. Bibcode:2000NewPh.148..327E. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00758.x. ISSN   0028-646X.
  11. ↑ Carbonero, E (2002-01-10). "A (1→6)-linked β-mannopyrananan, pseudonigeran, and a (1→4)-linked β-xylan, isolated from the lichenised basidiomycete Dictyonema glabratum". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 206 (2): 175–178. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00506-7 (inactive 3 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  12. ↑ Schmull, Michaela; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lücking, Robert; Cao, Shugeng; Clardy, Jon; Lawrey, James D (2014). "Dictyonema huaorani (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), a new lichenized basidiomycete from Amazonian Ecuador with presumed hallucinogenic properties". The Bryologist. 117 (4): 386–394. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.386. ISSN   0007-2745.
  13. ↑ Davis, E. Wade; Yost, James A. (1983). "Novel Hallucinogens from Eastern Ecuador". Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. 29 (3): 291–295. doi:10.5962/p.168664. ISSN   0006-8098. JSTOR   41762852.
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