Taif is a city and governorate in the Province of Makkah in Saudi Arabia. Located at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft) in the slopes of the Hijaz Mountains, which themselves are part of the Sarat Mountains, the city has a population of 563,282 people in 2022, making it one of the most populous cities in the kingdom.
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ruled the First Saudi State from 1803 to 1814. Saud annexed Mecca and Medina from the Ottoman Empire making him the first Al Saud ruler who received the title of the servant of the Two Holy Cities. During his rule the state experienced a significant level of strength and expansion for which he was called Saud Al Kabeer or Saud the Great.
The Wahhabi war, also known as the Ottoman–Saudi War, was fought from early 1811 until 1818 between the Ottoman Empire, its vassal and ally the Eyalet of Egypt, and the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, resulting in the destruction of the latter.
Al Qunfudhah, also known as Kunfuda, is a Saudi city in the Tihamah region on the coast of the Red Sea. Its population is the fourth largest in Makkah Province, the area of the governate is estimated at 5,195 km², which occupies about 3.65% of the area of the region and is ranked ninth among the governorates of the region in terms of area. It is also one of the large sea ports of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea. Al Qunfudhah was founded in 1311 A.C-709 Hijri according to the ancient sources.
Al-Ghamdi is an Arabic family name denoting a member of the Ghamd tribe of Saudi Arabia.
The Battle of Al-Safra took place in late 1811, when Tusun Pasha's forces engaged with Saudi forces led by Saud bin Abdulaziz. It was a resounding Saudi victory against the Ottoman forces.
The Battle of Medina took place in 1812, Following the Battle of Al-Safra, Tusun's forces began to deal with Saudi forces stationed in Medina.
The capture of Jeddah happened in 1813 at the west Arabian port city of Jeddah as part of the Ottoman–Saudi War.
The capture of Mecca in 1813 happened several days after the capture of Jeddah during the Ottoman–Saudi War.
The Najd Expedition was a series of military conflicts waged by Egypt on behalf of the Ottoman Empire from 1817 to 1818. It was part of the Ottoman–Saudi War that lasted from 1811 to 1818. The campaign of 1817/8 was led by Ibrahim Pasha, with the goal of capturing Diriyah and ending the First Saudi State by the order of the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, through no real strategy other than brute force.
The siege of Diriyah took place in late 1818 at the end of the Wahhabi War of 1811–1818 during the Nejd Expedition.
The Banu Shahr is a tribe from the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. It belongs to the ancient tribe al-Azd that has many clans linked to it. As far as ancestry goes, Banu Shahr, Bani Amr, Bal-Ahmar, Bal-Asmar, Bal-Qarn, Shumran, and some others all belong to "al-Azd".
The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca was a state, non-sovereign for much of its existence, ruled by the Sharif of Mecca. A sharif is a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson. In Western sources, the prince of Mecca was known as Grand Sherif, but Arabs have always used the appellation "Emir".
The Ghamd is an Azd Arab tribe of the Hejaz Region. They are predominantly Sunni, and are considered one of the oldest tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The Ghamid people are thought to be closely related to the neighboring tribe of Zahran.
The Vilayet of the Hejaz refers to the Hejaz region of Arabia when it was administered as a first-level province (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had an area of 96,500 square miles (250,000 km2). The Hejaz included all land from the southern border of the Vilayet of Syria, south of the city of Ma‛an, to the northern border of the Vilayet of Yemen, north of the city of Al Lith.
The Battle of Turubah was fought on May 26, 1924, between the forces of Hussein bin Ali, under the command of his son Abdullah bin Al-Hussein, and forces under the command of Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud. It was a larger part of the Hejaz-Nejd War, as well as the Al-Khurma dispute. The battle resulted in the end of Hussein's hopes to expand into the Arabian peninsula, as well as opening the way for Ibn Saud to fortify his own control over the region, which in turn would eventually lead to the creation of Saudi Arabia.
The Battle of Turuba took place in 1813 when Ottoman forces besieged Turubah. The garrison was led by Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah who successfully routed the Ottoman army.
In 1814, the Emirate of Diriyah, as part of the Ottoman-Saudi War, launched a counter-attack to retake back the city of Al Qunfudhah from the Ottoman Empire who had held the city for a month. The attack was successful and the city was retaken.
In 1814, the Saudis laid siege to the Ottoman-held city of Taif, but the Ottoman governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, successfully forced them to raise the siege.
The Al Bahah Expedition was a military expedition launched by the Ottoman army against the Zahran tribes in Al Bahah. The operation ended in another Ottoman defeat.
Ottoman Empire 
Emirate of Diriyah