Battle of Koregaon

Last updated

Battle of Koregaon
Part of Third Anglo-Maratha War
Bhima Koregaon Victory Pillar.jpg

Bhima Koregaon Victory Pillar
Date1 January 1818
Location
Koregaon Bhima (in present-day Maharashtra, India)
18°38′44″N074°03′33″E / 18.64556°N 74.05917°E / 18.64556; 74.05917
Belligerents
Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg East India Co. Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Peshwa faction, Maratha Confederacy
Commanders and leaders
Francis F. Staunton Peshwa Baji Rao II
Bapu Gokhale
Appa Desai
Trimbakji Dengle
Units involved
Strength
834, including around 500 infantry, around 300 cavalry and 24 artillery
2 6-pounder cannons
28,000 including 20,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry
(around 2,000 participated in the battle supported by 2 cannons)
Casualties and losses
275 killed, wounded or missing 500–600 killed or wounded (British estimates)
[1]
India location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Koregaon Bhima
Location of Koregaon Bhima in India

The Battle of Koregaon was fought on 1 January 1818 between the British East India Company and the Peshwa faction of the Maratha Confederacy, at Koregaon Bhima.

Contents

A 28,000-strong force led by Peshwa Baji Rao II whilst on their way to attack the company-held Pune, were unexpectedly met by an 800-strong Company force that was on its way to reinforce the British troops in Pune. The Peshwa dispatched around 2,000 soldiers to attack the force which sought entrenchment in Koregaon. Led by Captain Francis Staunton, the Company troops defended their position for nearly 12 hours, before the Peshwa's troops ultimately withdrew, fearing the imminent arrival of a larger British force.

The battle was part of the Third Anglo Maratha war, a series of battles that culminated in the defeat of the Peshwa rule and subsequent rule of the British East India Company in nearly all of Western, Central and Southern India. [2] There is a "victory pillar" (obelisk) in Koregaon commemorating the battle. [3]

Background

By the 1800s, the Marathas were organized into a loose confederacy, with the major constituents being the Peshwa of Pune, the Scindia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the Gaekwad of Baroda, and the Bhosale of Nagpur. [4] The British had subjugated and signed peace treaties with these factions, establishing Residencies at their capitals. The British intervened in a revenue-sharing dispute between the Peshwa and Gaekwad, and on 13 June 1817, the Company forced Peshwa Baji Rao II to sign an agreement renouncing claims on Gaekwad's revenues and ceding large swaths of territory to the British. This treaty of Pune formally ended the Peshwa's titular overlordship of other Maratha chiefs, thus officially ending the Maratha confederacy. [5] [6] Soon after this, the Peshwa burnt down the British Residency at Pune, but was defeated in the Battle of Khadki near Pune on 5 November 1817. [7]

The Peshwa then fled to Satara, and the Company forces took complete control of Pune. Pune was placed under Colonel Charles Barton Burr, while a British force led by General Smith pursued Peshwa. Smith feared that Peshwa could escape to Konkan and overpower the small British detachment there. Therefore, he instructed Colonel Burr to send reinforcements to Konkan, and in turn, call in for reinforcements from Shirur, if needed. [8] Meanwhile, the Peshwa managed to escape beyond Smith's pursuit, but his southward advance was constrained by the advance of a Company force led by General Theophilus Pritzler. He then changed his route, marching eastwards before turning north-west towards Nashik. Realizing that General Smith was in a position to intercept him, he suddenly turned southwards towards Pune. [9] Towards the end of December, Colonel Burr received news that the Peshwa intended to attack Pune, and asked the Company troops stationed at Shirur for help. The troops dispatched from Shirur came across the Peshwa's forces, resulting in the Battle of Koregaon. [1] [8]

Peshwa's forces

The Peshwa's army comprised 20,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry. Out of these, around 2,000 men were deployed in the action, constantly reinforced during the battle. [10] The force that attacked the Company troops consisted of three infantry parties of 600 soldiers each. [1] These soldiers included Arabs, Gosains and Marathas (the caste). [10] The majority of the attackers were Arabs (mercenaries and their descendants), reputed to be the finest among the Peshwa's soldiers. [11] [12] The attackers were supported by a cavalry and two pieces of artillery. [9]

The attack was directed by Bapu Gokhale, Appa Desai and Trimbakji Dengle. [1] Trimbakji was the only among these to enter the Koregaon village, once during the attack. [13] The Peshwa and other chiefs stayed at Phoolsheher (modern Phulgaon) near Koregaon. [14] The titular Maratha Chatrapati, Pratap Singh of Satara, also accompanied the Peshwa. [13]

Company forces

The Company troops dispatched from Shirur comprised 834 men, including: [1] [13]

The Company troops of Indian origin included Mahars, Marathas, Rajputs, Muslims, and Jews. [16] This was mostly the troops that Capt. Staunton had raised three months ago with the object of strengthening the defense of Poona that was already under British control. [17]

The battle

British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon.jpg
British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon

The Company troops left Shirur at 8 pm on 31 December 1817. After marching all night and covering a distance of 25 miles, they reached the high ground behind Talegaon Dhamdhere. From there, they spotted Peshwa's army across the Bhima River. Captain Staunton marched up to Koregaon Bhima village, which was located on the banks of the river. The village was surrounded by a low mud wall. Captain Staunton made a feint of crossing the shallow Bhima river. A 5,000-strong infantry, which was slightly ahead of the Peshwa's base, retreated to inform him about the presence of British forces. Meanwhile, Staunton stationed his forces in Koregaon instead of crossing the river. He secured a strong position for his guns, posting one of them to guard an approach from the Bhima river (which was running almost dry), and another to guard the road from Shirur. [1] [8]

After the return of his 5,000-strong infantry, the Peshwa dispatched three infantry parties of Arab, Gosain and Maratha soldiers. Each party comprised 300–600 soldiers. The parties crossed the Bhima River at three different points, supported by two cannons and rocket fire. Peshwa's troops also made a feint attack from the Shirur road. [8] [13]

By noon, the Arabs took control of a temple on the outskirts of the village. One of the temples was retaken by a party led by Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Wyllie. The Arabs also captured the sole gun guarding the river, and killed eleven gunners, including their officer Lieutenant Chisholm. Driven by thirst and hunger, some of the Company's gunners suggested negotiating a surrender. However, Captain Staunton refused to yield. A group led by Lieutenant Pattison retook the gun, and found Lieutenant Chisholm's body with the head cut off. Captain Staunton declared that this would be the fate of those who fall into the enemy hands. This encouraged the gunners to fight on. The Company troops successfully defended the village. [1] [8]

Peshwa's forces ceased firing and left the village by 9 pm, driven by the fear of approaching British reinforcements under General Joseph Smith. [12] [18] At night, the Company troops managed to procure a supply of water. [13] The Peshwa remained near Koregaon on the next day but did not launch another attack. Captain Staunton, who was not aware of General Smith's advance, believed that the Peshwa would attack the Company troops on the Koregaon-Pune route. On the night of 2 January, Staunton first pretended to go in the direction of Pune but then marched back to Shirur, carrying most of his wounded soldiers. [9] [13]

According to the Interesting Intelligence from the London Gazette: "Accounts have been received from Lt Col Burr, dated the 3rd (January, 1818), intimating that Capt. Staunton, commanding the 2nd battalion 1st regiment of Bombay Native Infantry, had been fortunately able to commence his march back to Seroor, with 125 wounded, having buried 50 at Goregaum (sic), and left 12 or 15 there, badly wounded; that the Peshwa had proceeded Southward, General Smith in pursuit, which had probably saved the battalion." [19]

Casualties

Out of the 834 Company troops, 275 were killed, wounded or missing. The dead included two officers — Assistant-Surgeon Wingate and Lieutenant Chisholm; Lieutenant Pattison later died of his wounds in Shirur. [1] Among the infantrymen, 50 were killed and 105 wounded. Among the artillery, 12 were killed and 8 were wounded. [11] The dead Company soldiers of Indian origin included 22 Mahars, 16 Marathas, 8 Rajputs, 2 Muslims, and 1-2 Jews. [16] [20]

According to the British estimates, around 500 to 600 of Peshwa's soldiers were killed or wounded in the battle. [1]

Mountstuart Elphinstone, who visited Koregaon two days later on 3 January 1818, wrote that the houses had been burned and the streets were filled with dead bodies of horses and men. There were around 50 dead bodies lying in the village, most of them of the Peshwa's Arab soldiers. There were six dead bodies outside the village. In addition, there were shallow graves of 50 native sepoys, 11 European soldiers and the 2 deceased officers belonging to the Company forces. [14]

Aftermath

When Elphinstone visited the battle field shortly after its completion, he found that the Company soldiers had completely lost their morale and were reluctant to believe the praises that were showered on them . [21]

General Smith arrived in Koregaon on 3 January, but by this time, the Peshwa had already left the area. [11] A company force led by General Pritzler pursued Peshwa, who tried to escape to Mysore. Meanwhile, General Smith captured Satara, the capital of Pratap Singh. Smith intercepted Peshwa in a battle on 19 February 1818 at Ashtoon (or Ashta); Bapuji Gokhale was killed in this action. The Peshwa then fled to Khandesh, while his jagirdars accepted the Company's suzerainty. A dejected Peshwa then met with John Malcolm on 2 June 1818, and surrendered his royal claims in exchange for a pension and a residence in Bithoor. Trimbakji Dengle was captured near Nashik and imprisoned at the Chunar Fort. [9]

As a reward for their bravery in the Battle of Koregaon, the 2nd battalion of the 1st Regiment of the Bombay Native Infantry was made Grenadiers. Their regiment came to be known as 1st Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. [1] The official report to the British Residents at Poona recalls the "heroic valour and enduring fortitude" of the soldiers, the "disciplined intrepidity" and "devoted courage and admirable consistency" of their actions. [22]

Captain Staunton was appointed an honorary aide-de-camp to the Governor General of India. The Court of Directors presented him with a sword and a sum of 500 guineas (gold coins). Later in 1823, he became a Major, and was appointed a companion of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath. [1]

General Thomas Hislop called the battle "one of the most heroic and brilliant achievements ever recorded on the annals of the army". [1] According to M.S. Naravane, "this gallant defense by a small number of Company's troops against an overwhelming Maratha force is rightly considered one of the most glorious examples of valour and fortitude in the annals of the Company's forces." [23]

General Smith, in his official report of this battle, wrote, “The action at Koregaum was one of the most brilliant affairs achieved by any army in which European and Native soldiers displayed the most noble devotion and most romantic bravery under pressure of hunger and thirst almost beyond human endurance. [24]

Decisiveness

Neither side achieved a decisive victory in the battle. [25] Shortly after the battle, Mountstuart Elphinstone described it as a "small victory" for the Peshwa. [26] Nevertheless, the East India Company government praised the bravery of its troops, who could not be overpowered despite being outnumbered. [25]

Notwithstanding this, the battle being one of the last ones to be fought in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, is since recognised as a Company victory after the war ended with Peshwa's defeat. [25]

Legacy

Memorial

To commemorate its fallen soldiers, the East India Company commissioned a "victory pillar" (an obelisk) in Koregaon. [27] The inscription of the pillar declares that Captain Staunton's force "accomplished one of the proudest triumphs of the British Army in the East." [25]

Significance to Mahars

B. R. Ambedkar and his followers at the Koregaon victory pillar on 28 December 1927 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and his followers at 'Vijaystambha', Bhima-Koregaon, Tal. Haveli, Pune (Maharashtra) to salute to the brave Mahar Regiment's soldiers who won the battle.jpg
B. R. Ambedkar and his followers at the Koregaon victory pillar on 28 December 1927

The Koregaon pillar inscription features the names of the 49 Company soldiers killed in the battle. [28] 22 of these names end with the suffix -nac (or -nak), which was used exclusively by the people of Mahar caste. [25] [29] The obelisk was featured on the Mahar Regiment's crest until Indian Independence. While it was built by the British as a symbol of their own power, today it serves as a memorial of the Mahars. [22] [30]

The Mahars were considered untouchable in the contemporary caste-based society. The Peshwas, who were the 'high-caste' Brahmins, were notorious for their mistreatment and persecution of the untouchables. [31] Because of this, the Dalits (former untouchables), after independence, saw the Koregaon obelisk as a symbol of their victory over the high-caste oppression. [32] Dalit Leader B. R. Ambedkar visited the site on 1 January 1927. To commemorate his visit to the site, now thousands of his followers visit the site every New Year's Day. [33] A number of Mahar gatherings have also been held at the place. [28]

On 1 January 2018, clashes erupted between Hindu groups and Dalit Buddhist groups during the commemoration of this battle. [34] This led to further violent protests and rioting in Mumbai and Maharashtra for two days. [35]

Films

The Battle of Bhima Koregaon: An Unending Journey is a 2017 documentary by Indian filmmaker Somnath Waghmare. [36] [37] It explored the role of 500 Mahar soldiers in Battle of Koregaon on 1 January 1818 against the Peshwa dynasty.

The Battle of Bhima Koregaon is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language period war drama film directed and produced by Ramesh Thete under his banner Ramesh Thete Films. [38] The film stars Arjun Rampal as the Mahar warrior Sidhnak, and Digangana Suryavanshi. [39] [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Maratha caste is composed of 96 clans, originally formed in the earlier centuries from the amalgamation of families from the peasant (Kunbi), shepherd (Dhangar), blacksmith (Lohar), pastoral (Gavli), carpenter (Sutar), Bhandari, Thakar and Koli castes in Maharashtra. Many of them took to military service in the 16th century for the Deccan sultanates or the Mughals. Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, they served in the armies of the Maratha Kingdom, founded by Shivaji, a Maratha Kunbi by caste. Many Marathas were granted hereditary fiefs by the Sultanates, and Mughals for their service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Anglo-Maratha War</span> War between British East India Company and the Maratha

The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha territory by British East India Company troops, and although the British were outnumbered, the Maratha army was decimated. The troops were led by Governor General Hastings, supported by a force under General Thomas Hislop. Operations began against the Pindaris, a band of Muslim mercenaries and Marathas from central India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Anglo-Maratha War</span> Part of Anglo-Maratha Wars between 1775 and 1818

The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Confederacy in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. The war, fought in between Surat and Poona, saw British defeat and restoration of positions of both the parties before the war. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Bengal decided not to attack Pune directly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baji Rao II</span> Peshwa of the Maratha Empire (1776–1851)

Baji Rao II was the 13th and the last Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. He governed from 1795 to 1818. He was installed as a puppet ruler by the Maratha nobles, whose growing power prompted him to flee his capital Poona and sign the Treaty of Bassein (1802) with the British. This resulted in the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), in which the British emerged victorious and re-installed him as the titular Peshwa. In 1817, Baji Rao II joined the Third Anglo-Maratha War against the British, after they favoured the Gaekwad nobles in a revenue-sharing dispute. After suffering several battle defeats, the Peshwa surrendered to the British, and agreed to retire in return for an estate at Bithoor and an annual pension.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahar</span> Caste in India found predominantly in the state of Maharashtra

Mahar is an Indian caste found largely in the state of Maharashtra and neighbouring areas. Most of the Mahar community followed B. R. Ambedkar in converting to Buddhism in the middle of the 20th century. As of 2017 the Mahar caste was designated as a Scheduled Caste in 16 Indian states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahar Regiment</span> Regiment of the Indian Army

The Mahar Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. Although it was originally intended to be a regiment consisting of troops from the Mahar community of Maharashtra, today the Mahar Regiment is composed of different communities from mainly states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.

Shirur is an administrative subdivision of the Pune district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located on the eastern boundary of the district, on the banks of the Ghod River. The town is also called Ghodnadi to distinguish it from other locations that have the same name. Ghodnadi in Marathi Language means Ghod River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Khadki</span> 1817 Indian colonial conflict

The Battle of Khadki, also known as or the Battle of Ganeshkhind and Battle of Kirkee took place at modern day Khadki, India, on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy under the leadership of Appasaheb Bhonsle. Company forces achieved a decisive victory, with Khadki later becoming a military cantonment under British rule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibrahim Khan Gardi</span> Pashtun General of the Maratha Confederacy

Ibrahim Khan Gardi was a South Indian Muslim general of the Maratha Confederacy. An expert in artillery, he initially served the Nizam of Hyderabad, before working for the Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. As a Maratha general, he commanded a force of 10,000 men, infantry and artillery. He was captured and killed by the Durrani soldiers during the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sitabuldi Fort</span> Fort in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Sitabuldi Fort, site of the Battle of Sitabuldi in 1817, is located atop a hillock in central Nagpur, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The fort was built by the British after they won this area. Mudhoji II Senasaheb Subha was allowed to continue ruling Nagpur after the British had won the battles of Sitaburdi, Sakkardara, and Nagpur. Richard Jenkins entered into a treaty with Mudhoji on 6 January 1818, which was later ratified by the Governor General. Article 7 of the treaty stated: "The two hills of Seetabuldee with the bazaars and land adjoining, to a distance to be hereafter specified, shall be henceforth included in the British boundary, and such Military works erected as may be deemed necessary." By this treaty, the British occupied the Sitaburdi hills and large areas on all four sides. However no major construction work was erected on it for next two years. The area surrounding the hillock, now known as Sitabuldi, is an important commercial hub for Nagpur. To the south is Nagpur Railway Station and behind it is Tekdi Ganapati, a temple of Ganesha. The fort was a home to the Indian Army's 118th infantry battalion Grenadiers till 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koregaon Park</span> Place in Pune, Maharashtra, India

Koregaon Park is an area located in Pune, in the state of Maharashtra in India. It is primarily a residential area with lush greenery, but of late has been growing into a commercial hub as well. Koregaon Park also has a trendy dining and nightlife hub, with sleek European and Indian restaurants, plus live music bars and buzzy pubs. It is also a destination for art and music enthusiasts in the city with many art galleries and clubs in the vicinity. Koregaon Park is located about 5.8 kilometres (3.6 mi) from the Pune International Airport and about 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) from the Pune Junction railway station.

Koregaon Bhima is a panchayat village and census town in the state of Maharashtra, India, on the left (north) bank of the Bhima River. Administratively, Koregaon Bhima is under Shirur Taluka of Pune District in Maharashtra. There is only the single town of Koregaon Bhima in the Koregaon Bhima gram panchayat. The town of Koregaon Bhima is 10 km along the SH 60 motorway southwest of the village of Shikrapur, and 28 km by road northeast of the city of Pune. It is the site of the Battle of Koregaon fought on 1 January 1818.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eleanor Zelliot</span> American writer and historian

Eleanor Zelliot was an American writer, professor of Carleton College and specialist on the India, Southeast Asia, Vietnam, women of Asia, Untouchables, and social movements.

Amrut Rao was a Maratha noble, and the adopted son of Peshwa Raghunath Rao. In 1803, Yashwant Rao Holkar invaded Pune and deposed his adoptive brother Peshwa Baji Rao II. Subsequently, Holkar set up an ad hoc council nominally headed by Amrut Rao, and ran the Peshwa's government in his name. Holkar also installed Amrut Rao's son Vinayak Rao as the Peshwa to strengthen the legal status of his government, because Vinayak had been adopted by the widow of the deceased Peshwa Madhav Rao II. However, Baji Rao sought assistance from the British East India Company, whose advance forced Amrut Rao and his son to flee Pune. Subsequently, Amrut Rao signed a treaty with the British, agreeing to give up all claims over the Peshwa's office in return for a pension and an estate in Bundelkhand.

Gopal Baba Walangkar, also known as Gopal Krishna walangkar,(1840–1904) is an early example of an activist working to release the untouchable people of India from their historic socio-economic oppression and is generally considered to be the pioneer of that movement. He developed a racial theory to explain the oppression and also published the monthly journal Vital-Vidhvansak, targeted at the Brahmanical Orthodoxy.

The 2018 battle of Bhima Koregaon refers to violence during an annual celebratory gathering on 1 January 2018 at Bhima Koregaon to mark the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Bhima Koregaon. The violence and stone pelting by a crowd at the gathering resulted in the death of a 28-year old youth and injuries to five others. The annual celebration, also called Elgar Parishad convention, was organised by retired justices B. G. Kolse Patil and P. B. Sawant. Justice Sawant stated that the term "Elgar" meant loud invitation or loud declaration.

Sidhnak Mahar Inamdar, also known as Sidhnak Mahar, was an Indian soldier of the Mahar Regiment. He belonged to the Mahar caste. He is popularly known for the Battle of Koregaon.

The Elgaar Parishad was an event held on 31 December 2017 to commemorate the two hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Koregaon Bhima. It was organised by a coalition of 260 non-profit organisations at Pune's Shaniwar Wada Fort, and had approximately 35,000 people in attendance. The program consisted of a number of cultural performances, speeches and slogans.

The Battle of Bhima Koregaon: An Unending Journey is a 2017 documentary by Indian filmmaker Somnath Waghmare. It explored the role of 500 Mahar dalit soldiers of the East India Company in the Battle of Koregaon on 1 January 1818 against Peshwa rulers. It talks about dalit assertion on 1 January taking place every year. The 50 minute documentary was released in April 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somnath Waghmare</span> Documentary filmmaker and Dalit activist

Somnath Waghmare is an Indian documentary filmmaker based in the state of Maharashtra. His most prominent and most recent film, Battle of Bhima Koregaon, was critically received and screened in India and abroad. Till now, all his films have been documentary films and they have dealt with various social issues like the persecution of women and Dalit assertion in Maharashtra. He made his directorial debut with the short documentary feature I Am Not a Witch (2017). His upcoming films are Chaityabhoomi and Gail and Bharat.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 18. Government Central Press. 1885. pp. 244–247.
  2. Amin, Agha (23 September 2017). Atlas of Third Maratha War-Volume 1: First ever detailed cartographic description of the Maratha and Pindari War (Cartographic Depictions of Indo Pak British Military History) (Volume 35). Createspace. ISBN   978-1977547941.
  3. Macmillan, Michael. The Last of the Peshwas, a Tale of the Third Maratha War. Forgotten Books.
  4. Surjit Mansingh (2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. p. 388. ISBN   978-0-8108-6502-0.
  5. Mohammad Tarique (2008). Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 1.15–1.16. ISBN   978-0-07-066030-4.
  6. Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (1987). The Indian Cavalry: History of the Indian Armoured Corps. Vision Books. p. 211. ISBN   978-81-7094-013-5.
  7. John F. Riddick (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 34. ISBN   978-0-313-32280-8.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Charles Augustus Kincaid; Dattātraya Baḷavanta Pārasanīsa (1918). A history of the Maratha people. Oxford University Press. pp. 212–216.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Peter Auber (1837). Rise and progress of the British power in India. Vol. 2. W. H. Allen & Co. pp. 542–550.
  10. 1 2 Reginald George Burton (2008). Wellington's Campaigns in India. Lancer. pp. 164–165. ISBN   978-0-9796174-6-1.
  11. 1 2 3 Henry Thoby Prinsep (1825). History of the Political and Military Transactions in India During the Administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813-1823. Vol. 2. Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen. pp. 158–167.
  12. 1 2 R. V. Russell (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Vol. I. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 363. ISBN   9781465582942. The Arabs attacked us at Koregaon and would have certainly destroyed us had not the Peshwa withdrawn his troops on General Smith's approach.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 James Grant Duff (1826). A History of the Mahrattas. Vol. 3. Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. pp. 432–438.
  14. 1 2 Thomas Edward Colebrooke (2011) [1884]. Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN   9781108294928.
  15. Carter, Thomas; Long, William Henry (1893). War Medals of the British Army and How They Were Won. London: Norrie and Wilson. pp. 40–41.
  16. 1 2 Vasant Moon, ed. (2003). Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches. Government of Maharashtra. p. 5. 22 were Mahars or Parwaris (identified by their names ending with nak), 16 were Marathas, 8 were Raputs, two were Muslims, and one or two were probably Indian Jews
  17. M Rajivlochan. "Bloody Scrum, Glorious Victory".
  18. Tony Jaques (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 542. ISBN   978-0-313-33538-9.
  19. "Interesting Intelligence from the London Gazette" (June 1818) page 550
  20. V. Longer (1981). Forefront for Ever: The History of the Mahar Regiment. Mahar Regimental Centre. p. 14. One hundred and thirteen men and two British Officers were wounded. Of the men of the 2/1st Regiment Bombay Native Infantry who fell in action, 22 were Mahars or Parwaris (identified by their names ending with "nak"), 16 were Marathas, 8 were Rajputs, two were Muslims, and one or two were probably Indian Jews.
  21. Penderel Moon (1999). The British Conquest and Dominion of India. India Research Press. p. 406. ISBN   0-7156-2169-6.
  22. 1 2 Kumbhojkar, Shraddha (2012). "Contesting Power, Contesting Memories – The History of the Koregaon Memorial". The Economic and Political Weekly. Retrieved 19 October 2012.(subscription required)
  23. Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 83–84. ISBN   9788131300343.
  24. Poona Horse bharat-rakshak.com
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Shraddha Kumbhojkar 2015, p. 40.
  26. S. G. Vaidya (1976). Peshwa Bajirao II and The Downfall of The Maratha Power. Pragati Prakashan. p. 308. In his Journal Elphinstone wrote that the Peshwa had gained a small victory at Koregaon
  27. Nisith Ranjan Ray (1983). Western Colonial Policy. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 176.
  28. 1 2 Doranne Jacobson; Eleanor Zelliot; Susan Snow Wadley (1992). From untouchable to Dalit: essays on the Ambedkar Movement. Manohar. p. 89. ISBN   9788185425375.
  29. Basham, Ardythe (2008). Das, Bhagwan (ed.). Untouchable soldiers: the Maharas and the Mazhbis. Delhi: Gautam Book Centre. p. 27. ISBN   9788187733430.
  30. Kumbhojkar, Shraddha (2015). Geppert, Dominik; Müller, Frank Lorenz (eds.). Sites of Imperial Memory: Commemorating Colonial Rule in the Nineteenth and, Chapter three: Politics, caste and the remembrance of the Raj: the Obelisk at Koregaon. Oxford University press. pp. 39–52. ISBN   9780719090813.
  31. Shraddha Kumbhojkar 2015, p. 43:"The Peshwas, Brahmin rulers of western India, were infamous for their high caste orthodoxy and their persecution of the Untouchables."
  32. Shraddha Kumbhojkar 2015, p. 49.
  33. Shraddha Kumbhojkar 2015, p. 47.
  34. "Pune's Dalit protests reach Mumbai, suburbs affected". Rediff. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  35. "Protests spread in Maharashtra post clashes during bicentenary celebrations of Bhima-Koregaon battle". 2 January 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2023 via www.thehindu.com.
  36. "Docu-film on intriguing 1818 battle premieres in Bengaluru". Deccan Herald. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  37. "Somnath Waghmare's documentary explains why the Battle of Bhima Koregaon is important to Dalits". The Indian Express. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  38. "Am directing film on Koregaon Bhima battle: Ex-IAS officer". Outlook. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  39. "Digangana Suryavanshi To Star Opposite Arjun Rampal In The Battle of Bhima Koregaon?". Telly Chakkar.
  40. Varma, Lipika (16 June 2020). "Arjun Rampal's upcoming movie delayed". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 13 January 2021.

Bibliography