Beheading video

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A beheading video is a video which depicts a live murder in which a hostage or victim is shown to be graphically decapitated, or the head is displayed in the aftermath. Such videos are typically distributed mostly through the Internet, [1] and are often employed by groups seeking to instill shock or terror into a population. Although beheading has been a widely employed public execution method since the ancient Greeks and Romans, [2] videos of this type only began to arise in 2002 with the beheading of Daniel Pearl and the growth of the Internet in the Information Age, which allowed groups to anonymously publish these videos for public consumption. The beheadings shown in these videos are usually not performed in a "classical" method – decapitating a victim quickly with a blow from a sword or axe – but by the relatively slow and torturous process of slicing and sawing the victim's neck, while still alive, with a knife. [3]

Contents

History

The first beheading by the National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty was of Daniel Pearl in 2002. [4] The videos were popularized in 2004 by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a radical Islamic militant. [5]

The videos caused controversy among Islamic scholars, some of whom denounced them as against Islamic law; al-Qaeda did not approve and Osama bin Laden considered them poor public relations. Regardless, they became popular with certain Islamic terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. [6]

Early videos were grainy and unsophisticated, but, according to the Chicago Sun-Times , had by 2004 been "growing in sophistication, using animated graphics and editing techniques apparently aimed at embellishing the audio to make a victim's final moments seem more disturbing". [7] These videos are often uploaded to the Internet by terrorists, then discussed and distributed by web-based outlets, [8] such as blogs, shock sites, and traditional journalistic media. In 2013, a beheading video by a Mexican drug cartel spread virally on Facebook. The non-profit organization Family Online Safety Institute petitioned Facebook to remove the video. [9] Initially, Facebook refused. [10] They later complied, [11] and subsequently clarified their policies, stating that beheading videos would only be allowed if posted in a manner intended for its users to "condemn" the acts. [12]

Writing in The Atlantic , Simon Cottee drew a comparison between jihadist videos and gonzo pornography. [13]

Videos released

1996–1999

2002

2004

2005–2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2021

2022

2023

2024

Hoax

A hoax beheading video filmed by Benjamin Vanderford, Robert Martin, and Laurie Kirchner in 2004 received wide attention from the American press. [72] The video used Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad's logo, but not the group's flag. It was originally filmed for Vanderford's local election campaign. [73] He was seeking Matt Gonzalez's seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. [74] Vanderford's second intention was to point out how uncritically the mainstream media would accept an anonymous video. [75] The Islamic Global Media Center claimed to have made the video, but removed it from their website after the hoax was discovered. [76] The video also appeared on other militant websites and was broadcast on Arabic television. [77] [78]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</span> Jordanian/Iraqi Salafi jihadist militant group (1999–2004)

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a Salafi jihadist militant group. It was founded in Jordan in 1999, and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters with a considerable Iraqi membership.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State</span> Salafi jihadist militant Islamist group

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and a former unrecognised quasi-state. Its origins were in the Jai'sh al-Taifa al-Mansurah organization founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, which fought alongside al-Qaeda during the Iraqi insurgency. The group gained global prominence in 2014, when its militants successfully captured large territories in northwestern Iraq and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing Syrian civil war. By the end of 2015, it ruled an area with an estimated population of twelve million people, where it enforced its extremist interpretation of Islamic law, managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spillover of the Syrian Civil War</span> 2011–2019 external impact of the Syrian Civil War

Following the outbreak of the protests of Syrian revolution during the Arab Spring in 2011 and the escalation of the ensuing conflict into a full-scale civil war by mid-2012, the Syrian Civil War became a theatre of proxy warfare between various regional powers such as Turkey and Iran. Spillover of the Syrian civil war into the wider region began when the Iraqi insurgent group known as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) started intervening in the conflict from 2012.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war from August to December 2014. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found at Casualties of the Syrian Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Foley (journalist)</span> American journalist

James Wright Foley was an American journalist and video reporter. While working as a freelance war correspondent during the Syrian Civil War, he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. He was murdered by decapitation in August 2014 purportedly as a response to American airstrikes in Iraq, thus becoming the first American citizen killed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jihadi John</span> Kuwaiti-British militant and ISIS executioner (1988–2015)

Mohammed Emwazi was a British militant of Kuwaiti origin seen in several videos produced by the Islamist extremist group Islamic State (IS) showing the beheadings of a number of captives in 2014 and 2015. A group of his hostages nicknamed him "John" since he was part of a four-person terrorist cell with English accents whom they called 'The Beatles'; the press later began calling him "Jihadi John".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State beheading incidents</span> Mostly 2014–2015 beheadings by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Beginning in 2014, a number of people from various countries were beheaded by the Islamic State (IS), a radical Sunni Jihadist group operating in Iraq and Syria as well as elsewhere. In January 2014, a copy of an IS penal code surfaced describing the penalties it enforces in areas under its control, including multiple beheadings. Beheading videos have been frequently posted by IS members to social media. Several of the recorded beheadings were conducted by Mohammed Emwazi, whom the media referred to as "Jihadi John" before his identification. The beheadings received wide coverage around the world and attracted international condemnation. Political scientist Max Abrahms posited that IS may be using well-publicized beheadings as a means of differentiating itself from Al-Qaeda in Iraq, and identifying itself with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the al-Qaeda member who beheaded Daniel Pearl. The publicised beheadings represent a small proportion of a larger number of total people killed following capture by IS.

"The Beatles" was the nickname for an Islamic State terrorist group composed of four British militants. The group was named by their hostages after the English rock group The Beatles, who referred to the members as "John", "Paul", "George", and "Ringo".

David Haines was a British aid worker who was captured by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in early 2013 and beheaded in early September 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lavdrim Muhaxheri</span>

Lavdrim Muhaxheri, also known by the nom de guerreAbu Abdullah al Kosova, was a Kosovar Albanian Islamic State (IS) leader and recruiter of ethnic Albanian jihadi foreign fighters fighting in Syria and in Iraq. A former KFOR and NATO employee, he became an extremist and left for Syria in late 2012. He appeared in several propaganda videos, calling Albanians to join jihad, and uploaded photographs of himself appearing to decapitate a man, as well as a video where he kills a captive with a rocket. On 24 September 2014, the U.S. Department of State designated Muhaxheri as a global terrorist.

Executions by ISIS refers here to killing by beheading, immolation, shooting, or other means of soldiers and civilians by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). ISIL has released a number of propaganda/publicity videos of beheadings or shootings of captives. Houtat Sulūk is reported to be a mass grave.

The portrayal of ISIL in American media has largely been negative. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has been linked in the American media to several atrocities throughout the Middle East. Most recently U.S. coverage has linked ISIL members to burning alive the Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh, the beheadings of journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff, and most recently, because the perpetrator of the June 2016 Orlando mass shooting- America's second deadliest- reportedly pledged allegiance to ISIL and its leader in a phone call to 911 operators just before the incident. The American public was introduced to ISIL with these actions. This contrasts with the renewed prominence of al-Qaeda after the September 11 attacks in the media. That coverage focused on the United States' response to the attacks, while the coverage of ISIL started with the organization itself and evolved to cover America's potential strategy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)</span>

The Timeline of the War in Iraq covers the War in Iraq, a war which erupted that lasted in Iraq from 2013 to 2017, during the first year of armed conflict.

In early 2014, the jihadist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant captured extensive territory in Western Iraq in the Anbar campaign, while counter-offensives against it were mounted in Syria. Raqqa in Syria became its headquarters. The Wall Street Journal estimated that eight million people lived under its control in the two countries.

This article contains a timeline of events from January 2015 to December 2015 related to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/ISIS). This article contains information about events committed by or on behalf of the Islamic State, as well as events performed by groups who oppose them.

Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to the Islamic State (IS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war</span>

Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war have come to Syria and joined all four sides in the war. In addition to Sunni foreign fighters arriving to defend the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant or join the Syrian rebels, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria, and leftists have become foreign fighters in the Syrian Democratic Forces.

Extremist Salafi jihadist groups such as ISIS and Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad have used beheading as a method of killing captives. Since 2002, ISIS have circulated beheading videos as a form of terror and propaganda. Their actions have been condemned by militant and other terrorist groups, as well as by mainstream Islamic scholars and organizations.

References

  1. ↑ Stannard, Matthew B. (May 13, 2004). "Beheading video seen as war tactic / Experts say terrorists employing grisly form of propaganda". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  2. ↑ Abbott, Geoffrey. "Beheading". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  3. ↑ Brecher, Gary (September 3, 2014). "The War Nerd: The long, twisted history of beheadings as propaganda". PandoDaily . Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  4. ↑ Miles, Steven H. (2009), Oath Betrayed: American's Torture Doctures (2nd ed.), University of California Press, p.  162, ISBN   978-0-520-25968-3 Miles' claim matches the list in this article if we ignore the beheading of Daniel Pearl almost 27 months earlier in Pakistan. From at last some perspectives, it seems reasonable to classify the Pearl beheading as separate from the 10 beheadings in the 6 months following Abu Ghraib abuses entered the international consciousness. The match isn't perfect, because to get eleven beheadings after Abu Ghraib and before Miles' book appeared, we would either need an event not included in this article or we would need to include the beheading of Piotr Stańczak in Pakistan just over 4 years later. Nevertheless, the record seems largely to confirm Miles' suggestion of vengeance as a motive. He continues, "Pursuing justice differs from being consumed by revenge. The former proceeds from crime to investigation, to trial, to punishment, and then to closure. Vengeance is a whirlwind, where atrocity justifies revenge, and revenge becomes an atrocity."
  5. ↑ Rosen, Armin (July 15, 2014). "The Most Extreme Faction Of Al Qaeda Is Winning, And It's Leading To The Destruction Of Iraq". Business Insider . Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  6. ↑ Bloom, Mia (August 22, 2014). "Even al-Qaeda denounced beheading videos. Why the Islamic State brought them back". The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  7. ↑ Shrader, Katherine Pfleger (September 29, 2004). "Terrorists sense power in beheading videos". Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  8. ↑ Palmer, Ewan (August 20, 2014). "James Foley: Police Warn Watching Beheading Video Is A \'Terrorist Offence\'". International Business Times . Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  9. ↑ Karis, Hustad (October 31, 2013). "Facebook graphic content woes: When are beheading videos okay?". The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  10. ↑ Su, Reissa (November 4, 2013). "Beheaded Woman in Viral Video on Facebook 'Unknown,' Authorities Not Investigating (VIDEO)". International Business Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
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  12. ↑ Oreskovic, Alexei (October 21, 2013). "Gory videos OK when posted for users to 'condemn': Facebook". Reuters . Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
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  22. ↑ "Beheading of 2nd Bulgarian captive confirned". Associated Press. August 11, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2014– via NBC News.
  23. ↑ "'Egyptian spy' beheaded in Iraq". Daily Times . August 11, 2004. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
  24. ↑ Youssef, Nancy A. (September 1, 2004). "Extremists in Iraq execute 12 Nepalese workers One was beheaded; the others, shot. The group said they were killed for helping the U.S. against Islam". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014.
  25. ↑ "American Hostage Beheaded in Iraq; Bush, Kerry Agree to Debate; Can Rather Survive Memogate?". CNN. September 20, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  26. 1 2 Faraj, Caroline; al-Hilli, Thaira; Muhy, Bassem; Qasira, Faris; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (September 22, 2004). "Report: Al-Zarqawi group kills American hostage". CNN. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  27. ↑ Walker, Glen (August 19, 2014). "Video Claims to Show Terrorist Group ISIS Beheading U.S. Journalist James Foley". KTLA. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  28. ↑ McCarthy, Rory (October 9, 2004). "Sad, bloody end to Bigley saga". The Guardian . Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  29. ↑ Shubert, Atika (November 1, 2004). "Beheaded Japanese to be flown home". CNN. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Video shows beheading of Japanese hostage". Associated Press. November 2, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2014– via NBC News.
  31. ↑ Schwirtz, Michael (June 9, 2008). "Family identifies son in Russian beheading video". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  32. ↑ Aleksandrov, German (July 11, 2011). "Наша совесть выше ваших законов". Rosbalt.ru (in Russian). Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  33. ↑ Gerasimenko, Olesya; Shmarayeva, Elena (July 25, 2011). "Дело тринадцати". Kommersant Vlast (in Russian). No. 29. p. 20. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
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  35. ↑ Abdulrahim, Raja; Semuels, Alana (August 19, 2014). "Militants blame U.S. for their apparent beheading of U.S. journalist". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  36. ↑ Vincent, Michael (August 20, 2014). "IS releases journalist beheading video in a message to the US". ABC Online . Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  37. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (August 28, 2014). "Sinai jihadist group says it has beheaded four men". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 29, 2023.
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  39. ↑ Callimachi, Rukmini; De Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (September 13, 2014). "ISIS Video Shows Execution of David Cawthorne Haines, British Aid Worker". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
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  53. ↑ Botelho, Greg (December 2, 2015). "ISIS video claims beheading of Russian spy, threatens Russian people". CNN. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  54. ↑ Tsvetkova, Maria. "A Russian man beheaded by ISIS in December was reportedly a 'spy' who lived a double life". Business Insider. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  55. ↑ Thomson, Sylvia; Arsenault, Adrienne (March 31, 2017). "Few signs of Canadian investigation into Abu Sayyaf beheadings in Philippines". CBC News . Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  56. ↑ "Boy beheaded by Syrian rebels was '19-year-old regime fighter'". The New Arab . July 21, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Philippine army finds body of beheaded German hostage Jurgen Kantner". BBC News . March 5, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  58. ↑ Cole, Brendan (November 21, 2019). "Russian Mercenaries Torture, Behead and Set Alight Syrian Man Who Fled Assad's Army, Says Newspaper". Newsweek . Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  59. ↑ "Murder video of female Scandinavian tourist in Morocco 'likely authentic'". Stuff . December 22, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  60. ↑ Azohnwi, Atia T. (October 4, 2019). "Cameroon – Anglophone Crisis: Video Of Separatist Fighters Slaughtering Wardress Ayafor Florence Stuns The World". Cameroon-Info.Net. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  61. ↑ "Gory beheading video inserted into notorious TikTok to shock users". The Independent. June 7, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  62. ↑ King, Lorraine (September 11, 2021). "Taliban celebrate executing Afghan soldier by chanting and holding severed head". Daily Mirror . Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  63. ↑ Tabikha, Kamal (November 1, 2021). "Video of beheading in Egyptian city sparks nationwide horror". The National (Abu Dhabi) . Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  64. ↑ "Man arrested after beheading victim in Egypt street". Arab News . November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Udaipur Tailor's Killers Attacked At Court, How It Happened: 10 Latest Facts". NDTV . July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  66. ↑ Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (April 12, 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges". CNN. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  67. ↑ "Hamas video shows terrorists beheading Israelis on October 7 - CNN". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  68. ↑ "Who is Justin Mohn? Man Decapitates Father, Shows Head on YouTube—Police". Newsweek. January 31, 2024.
  69. ↑ "Justin Mohn Video Sparks 'Anti-Militia Bill' Conspiracy Theories". Newsweek. January 31, 2024.
  70. ↑ Winter, Tom; Antonshchuk, Valeriya; Smith, Patrick; Radnofsky, Caroline (January 31, 2024). "Pennsylvania man arrested after posting YouTube video of father's decapitated head". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  71. ↑ "A beheading video was on YouTube for hours, raising questions about why it wasn't taken down sooner". WHYY. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  72. ↑ Guthrie, Julian; Wallace, Bill (August 8, 2004). "Web hoax fools news services". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  73. ↑ "Man fakes own decapitation in video". The Age. August 8, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  74. ↑ DiMassa, Cara Mia; Hollis, Robert (August 8, 2004). "Region & State Man Fakes Own Beheading Video". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
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