Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel

Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel (Known as 'The Chapel').
Billingshurst Unitarian and Free Christian Church
The chapel from the east
Location of the chapel within West Sussex
51°01′18″N0°27′11″W / 51.0218°N 0.4530°W / 51.0218; -0.4530
Location	High Street, Billingshurst, West Sussex RH14 9QS
Country	United Kingdom
Denomination	General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (British Unitarians)
Previous denomination	General Baptist
Website	www.thechapelatbillingshurst.com
History
Former name(s)	Billingshurst General Baptist Chapel
Status	Chapel
Founded	1754
Founder(s)	William Evershed and William Turner
Architecture
Functional status	Active
Heritage designation	Grade II
Designated	22 September 1959
Style	Georgian Vernacular
Groundbreaking	1754

Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel is a place of worship in Billingshurst in the English county of West Sussex. The cottage-like building was erected in 1754 for General Baptists, hence its original name of the Billingshurst General Baptist Chapel, but the congregation moved towards Unitarian beliefs in the 19th century, and still maintain these. It is a member of General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella body for British Unitarians.

The chapel, also known as the Billingshurst Unitarian and Free Christian Church, is one of the oldest Nonconformist places of worship in the district of Horsham—an area in which such Christian beliefs have a long and successful history; furthermore, there are few older chapels of this type anywhere in southeast England. English Heritage has listed the chapel at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.

History

See also: History of Unitarianism

From General Baptists

In England, people and ministers who worshipped outside the Church of England but were not part of the Roman Catholic Church were historically known as Dissenters or (Protestant) Nonconformists. Nonconformism became officially recognised after the Act of Uniformity 1662, which removed from their living those Church of England ministers who refused to recognise or abide by the Act's requirements. ^[1] Many alternative denominations developed, all focused on a person's personal relationship with God rather than on the rites and ceremonies of religious worship as in the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. ^[2] This trend was seen throughout Sussex, and by the late 17th century "the all-embracing medieval Church" existed alongside dozens of newly established groups and denominations. ^[3]

One of these sects was the General Baptists. ^[3] Along with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and the Presbyterians, they found significant early success in the area around the north Sussex market town of Horsham. By 1676 there were about 100 Nonconformists in the town, and the General Baptist cause was led by local radical and evangelist Matthew Caffyn. ^[4] Under his guidance a General Baptist chapel was founded in the town in 1719, ^[5] bringing together Baptists who had met in small house-groups since 1669 ^[4] or possibly as early as 1645. ^[5]

Billingshurst itself

The chapel has a large graveyard to the front and side.

Worshippers from across northern Sussex came to this chapel; many were from the village of Billingshurst a few miles away. ^{[4] [6]} This group later became large enough to split from the Horsham congregation and establish a chapel in their home village. They chose a grassy, raised site set back from the west side of the High Street, ^[7] and erected a modest cottage-like chapel in 1754. ^{[note 1] [7] [8] [9]} The founders were William Turner and William Evershed, whose initials are recorded on a dated stone tablet inside. ^[10] Evershed was a General Baptist preacher at Horsham who moved to a farm in Billingshurst in 1742; together with Turner he held and preached at small meetings in Billingshurst. ^[6] The Evershed family maintained a 260 year connection with the chapel and more than 120 Eversheds of various generations, from William himself, ^[11] to Susie Evershed, who died in August 2022, aged 90, ^[12] are buried or commemorated in the graveyard, ^[13] a "surprisingly big" area which surrounds the chapel and helps it "make a display in spite of itself" and its modest architecture. ^[7] After making plans for a chapel in the village in 1753, ^[6] Turner and Evershed bought the site for three guineas (£600 as of 2024). ^{[13] [14]} The chapel was registered for worship in October 1754; ^[6] its date of founding makes it one of the oldest Nonconformist places of worship in both the Horsham district and the whole of southeast England. ^{[8] [13]}

The congregation, like that at Horsham, gradually moved from General Baptist beliefs towards Unitarianism in the early 19th century. ^{[4] [15]} The chapel took the name Billingshurst Free Christian Church and later the Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel or Billingshurst Unitarian and Free Christian Church. ^{[10] [16]}

William Evershed also had a house in Godalming, Surrey, at which conventicles attended by hundreds of people every week took place from the mid-18th century. In 1783 the congregation decided to build a meeting house, and a General Baptist chapel (which soon became Unitarian) was erected on Meadrow six years later. It is still in use as Meadrow Unitarian Chapel. ^{[17] [18]}

Architecture and description

The chapel stands on an elevated knoll upon which modern housing has encroached.

Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel is a simple Georgian Vernacular ^[9] building, "like a demure Georgian cottage". ^{[7] [19]} It is a single storey high and has a two-window range with a gable-headed porch between the casement windows. ^{[9] [16]} The wide façade of three bays has been described as similar to the former Southover General Baptist Chapel (now in residential use) ^[20] in Lewes, East Sussex. ^[21] The walls are of glazed grey and red brickwork laid in a Flemish bond pattern, and the roof is laid with tiles. ^{[15] [16]} Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner noted that "the architecture is utterly self-effacing". ^[7] It is a good example of the contrast between the prominently sited, "wealthy established parish church with its centuries of tradition" and "the small impoverished Dissenting chapel", which occurs frequently in Sussex towns and villages. ^[11] The east side of Billingshurst High Street is dominated by St Mary's Church, with its landmark steeple and elevated position, ^[22] while "quietly hidden" behind iron fencing and hedges on the west side is the Unitarian Chapel. ^[11] The site measures 40 square feet (3.7 m²) and sits 8 feet (2.4 m) back from the High Street. ^[6]

The interior measures 16 by 28+1⁄4 feet (4.9 m × 8.6 m). A modest wooden gallery, supported on one pillar and with a panelled front, spans the north end of the ceiling. ^{[9] [15] [16] [23]} Some original timber tie-beams remain on the ceiling. ^[15] Other interior fittings include an "impressive" ^[23] clock manufactured in 1756 by Inkpen of Horsham, ^{[8] [9]} two coffin stools—on which a coffin would be placed before it was lowered into the grave—dating from 1787 and inscribed ik 87 (James Knight, 1787), ^{[15] [24]} original pews including two carved with James Knight 1788, ^[15] a brass chandelier with a dove figure, and an original communion table of oak. ^[15]

A baptistery and vestries were added to the rear (west) elevation in the 19th century.

Structural alterations were made at various times. The capacity was extended in the late 18th century when a wooden gallery was built; two named pews are dated 1788. ^[23] A brick-built ground-floor extension dates from 1825, when rooms were built on the west side to house a baptistery and vestries. ^[23] The baptistery was apparently roofless originally, but it was altered in 1880 ^[8] or 1886 ^[23] when it became a library and schoolroom. ^[8] At the same time, the pulpit was moved from its original position near the entrance door to the wall on the south side, where it remains. ^[23] The chapel is still set in the middle of its original graveyard, but modern housing development on the west side has come close to the boundaries, affecting the setting. ^[11] The original approach from the east, along a small uneven path in a narrow gap between surrounding buildings (which almost hide the chapel from view from the High Street), survives. ^{[11] [19]}

The chapel was described in these terms by a 19th-century writer: ^{[note 2] [25]}

A delightful plain rural chapel, with the men and women sitting on different sides, the deacons crouching around a table at [the] front of the pulpit, the singers in the gallery, the hymns introduced by the wail of a pitch pipe.

The chapel today

The interior seen from the gallery

Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 22 September 1959; ^[16] this defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest ^[26] As of February 2001, there were 1,628 Grade II listed buildings, and 1,726 listed buildings of all grades, in the district of Horsham. ^[27]

The chapel is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians. ^[28]

In 2012 the congregation set up "Evershed Arts", using the Old Library Room as an artspace to promote artistic expression in the local area.Between September 2014 and January 2015, the building was renovated, partly funded through English Heritage Lottery funding and partly through the fund raising efforts of the congregation. At this time, the congregation undertook a rebranding exercise and whilst it officially and constitutionally remains Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel, it is informally known as 'The Chapel.' Its website can be found at www.thechapelatbillingshurst.com. ^[29]

See also

• List of places of worship in Horsham (district)

Notes

1. The Victoria County History of Sussex (1986) states, in relation to the Horsham chapel, that "...the Billingshurst members formed a separate congregation c. 1818". According to Stell (2002), this is in fact the date when the congregation became independent of Horsham following a membership dispute.
2. Unattributed; quoted by Beevers, Marks & Roles (1989).

References

1. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , pp. 42–43.
2. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 42.
3. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 44.
4. Hudson, T. P., ed. (1986). "A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 2 – Bramber Rape (North-Western Part) including Horsham. Horsham – Protestant Nonconformity". Victoria County History of Sussex. British History Online. pp. 196–198. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
5. Elleray 2004 , p. 33.
6. Stell 2002 , p. 331.
7. Nairn & Pevsner 1965 , p. 104.
8. Wales 1999 , p. 29.
9. Elleray 2004 , p. 4.
10. Lines 2002 , p. 17.
11. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 41.
12. ‘The Last of the Eversheds'. ‘Impulse – Promoting Unitarianism in London and the South East’. Winter edition 2023. Page 11.
13. Lines 1995 , p. 87.
14. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 7 May 2024.
15. Stell 2002 , p. 332.
16. Historic England (2011). "The Unitarian and Free Christian Church, High Street (west side), Billingshurst, Horsham, West Sussex (1027100)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 1 May 2011.
17. Stock 1999 , p. 18.
18. Hague & Hague 1986 , p. 60.
19. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 46.
20. Stell 2002 , p. 347.
21. Stell 2002 , p. 329.
22. Nairn & Pevsner 1965 , p. 103.
23. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 156.
24. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 112.
25. Beevers, Marks & Roles 1989 , p. 56.
26. "Listed Buildings". English Heritage. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
27. "Images of England — Statistics by County (West Sussex)". Images of England . English Heritage. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
28. "Find a Congregation: London and SE". The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (Great Britain). 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
29. "Evershed Arts: Community Arts in the Weald Area". Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel. 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2013.

Bibliography

• Beevers, David; Marks, Richard; Roles, John (1989). Sussex Churches and Chapels. Brighton: The Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery and Museums. ISBN   0-948723-11-4.
• Elleray, D. Robert (2004). Sussex Places of Worship. Worthing: Optimus Books. ISBN   0-9533132-7-1.
• Hague, Graham; Hague, Judy (1986). The Unitarian Heritage: An Architectural Survey (PDF) (1st ed.). Sheffield: Unitarian Heritage. ISBN   0-9511081-0-7.
• Lines, Wendy (1995). Billingshurst. The Archive Photographs Series. Chalford: Chalford Publishing Company. ISBN   0-7524-0301-X.
• Lines, Wendy (2002). Images of England: Billingshurst and Wisborough Green. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN   0-7524-2482-3.
• Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1965). The Buildings of England: Sussex. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN   0-14-071028-0.
• Stell, Christopher (2002). Nonconformist Chapels and Meeting-houses in Eastern England. Swindon: English Heritage. ISBN   1-873592-50-7.
• Stock, Peter (1999). Hidden Nonconformity: a study of Nonconformity in the Godalming area from the 17th century. Farnham: Arrow Press.
• Wales, Tony (1999). The West Sussex Village Book. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN   1-85306-581-1.