| Black-throated spinetail | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Synallaxis |
| Species: | S. castanea |
| Binomial name | |
| Synallaxis castanea Sclater, PL, 1856 | |
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The black-throated spinetail (Synallaxis castanea) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Venezuela. [2]
For a period in the mid twentieth century the black-throated spinetail was treated as a subspecies of the rufous spinetail (S. unirufa); they are now known to be sister species. [3] [4] The two of them and the rusty-headed spinetail (S. fuscorufa) have been treated by some authors as a single species. [5]
The black-throated spinetail is 16 to 18 cm (6.3 to 7.1 in) long. It is one of the larger members of genus Synallaxis. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults are mostly bright rufescent. They do have a paler chin and the eponymous solid black throat. Their iris is dark reddish brown, their bill blackish, and their legs and feet blue-gray. Juveniles are duller and browner than adults, with a dull and indistinct throat patch and faint dusky markings on the head and underparts. [6]
The black-throated spinetail is found only in the Venezuelan Coastal Range from Aragua east to the vicinity of Caracas in Miranda. It inhabits montane evergreen forest, secondary forest, and the undergrowth and edges of cloudforest. It is often seen along brushy roadsides and occasionally in stands of Chusquea bamboo. In elevation it ranges between 1,300 and 2,200 m (4,300 and 7,200 ft). [6]
The black-throated spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range. [6]
The black-throated spinetail's diet is not known in detail but is assumed to be mostly arthropods. It usually forages in pairs and is thought to glean prey from foliage and small branches up to about 2 m (7 ft) above the ground. [6]
The black-throated spinetail breeds between April and July. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology. [6]
The black-throated spinetail's song is "a rapid 'ke-che-che-che-che-che' followed immediately by louder 'ker-chéé-chéé' " and is often sung in duet. Its call is "a loud 'ki-kík' ". [6]
The IUCN has assessed the black-throated spinetail as being of Least Concern. It has a small range; its estimated population of 2500 to 10,000 mature individuals is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] It is considered fairly common and occurs in two national parks. [6]
The stripe-breasted spinetail is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela.
Synallaxis is a genus of birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. It is one of the most diverse genera in the family and is composed of small birds that inhabit dense undergrowth across tropical and subtropical habitats in the Neotropical region. Some species show contrasting plumage patterns involving rufous crown and wing patches and black throat patches but they are difficult to see as they keep ensconced in vegetation most of the time. Most species show the long graduated tail with pointy feathers that is typical of spinetails. They are also characterized by constructing large domed nests with stick, including a long entrance tube. Some species can be difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of their plumage, but can be told apart by their vocalizations, which can be quite distinctive.
The olive spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Parker's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
The great spinetail is a Near Threatened species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
Cabanis's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
The white-whiskered spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.
The chestnut-throated spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is mainly found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The Apurimac spinetail is a Vulnerable species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
The rufous-breasted spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
The rusty-headed spinetail is a Near Threatened species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Colombia.
The cinereous-breasted spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
The hoary-throated spinetail is a Critically Endangered bird species in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil and Guyana.
McConnell's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The Maranon spinetail is a Critically Endangered species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.
The dusky spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The white-bellied spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru.
The ochre-cheeked spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
The rufous spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The Chinchipe spinetail is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae, the ovenbirds. It is endemic to Peru.
