Black swamp snake

Black swamp snake
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Liodytes
Species:	L. pygaea
Binomial name
Liodytes pygaea (Cope, 1871)
Synonyms [2]
Contia pygaea Cope, 1871 Tropidonotus pygæus — Boulenger, 1893 Seminatrix pygaea — Cope, 1895 Liodytes pygaea — McVay & Carstens, 2013

The black swamp snake (Liodytes pygaea) is a species of snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States. There are three subspecies, including the nominotypical subspecies.

Common names

Additional common names for L. pygaea include black swampsnake, ^[3] mud snake, ^[4] red-bellied mud snake, ^[5] and swamp snake. ^[6]

Subspecies

The following three subspecies are recognized as being valid. ^[2]

• South Florida swamp snake, Liodytes pygaea cyclas(Dowling, 1950)
• Carolina swamp snake, Liodytes pygaea paludis(Dowling, 1950)
• North Florida swamp snake, Liodytes pygaea pygaea(Cope, 1871)

Nota bene : A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Liodytes.

Geographic range

L. pygaea is found in the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida on the east coast of the United States.

Habitat

L. pygaea prefers swampland habitat that is heavily vegetated.

Description

The black swamp snake is a small, thin snake, usually 25–38 cm (10–15 in) long (including tail); the record size is 55 cm (22 in). ^{[7] [8]} It is uniformly black on the dorsum, with a bright orange or red belly.

L. pygaea cyclas showing black dorsum and red ventrum.

Behavior

The black swamp snake is almost entirely aquatic. It spends most of its time hiding among dense vegetation in tannic cypress swamps.

Diet

L. pygaea feeds on small fish, tadpoles, frogs, salamanders, sirens, amphiumas, and invertebrates, such as leeches and earthworms.

Reproduction

The black swamp snake is ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young directly in shallow water. Unlike many snakes, females feed actively while gravid, suggesting that they may pass nutrients directly on to the young. Broods of 11 to 13 have been observed. ^[9] Newborns are 11–14 cm (4.3–5.5 in) long (including tail). ^[7]

References

1. Hammerson GA (2016). "Liodytes pygaea ". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T63916A90084285. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T63916A90084285.en. Downloaded on 06 October 2018.
2. Species Liodytes pygaea at The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org.
3. Powell, Conant & Collins (2016).
4. Conant & Bridges (1939).
5. Wright & Wright (1957).
6. Behler & King (1979).
7. Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN   0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN   0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 152-153 + Plate 22 + Map 112).
8. "Black Swamp Snake (Seminatrix pygaea)". Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. University of Georgia.
9. Schmidt, Karl P.; Davis, D. Dwight (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp., 34 plates, 103 figures. (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 225-227, Figure 73).

External links

• Florida Museum of Natural History: Online Guide to the Snakes of Florida.
• "Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology - University of Florida fact sheet.

Further reading

• Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp., 657 color plates. ISBN   0-394-50824-6. (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 652–653 + Plates 487, 494).
• Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Tropidonotus pygæus, new combination, p. 228).
• Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 32. (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 107–108 + Plate 20, figure 59).
• Cope ED (1871). "Ninth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia23: 200–224. (Contia pygæa, new species, pp. 223–224).
• Dowling, Herndon G. (1950). "Studies of the black swamp snake, Seminatrix pygaea (Cope), with descriptions of two new subspecies". Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (76): 1-38. (Seminatrix pygaea cyclas, new subspecies, pp. 14–17; S. p. paludis, new subspecies, pp. 12–14).
• McVay, John David; Carstens, Bryan (2013). "Testing monophyly without well-supported gene trees: Evidence from multi-locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe Thamnophiini". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution68 (3): 425–431. (Liodytes pygaea, new combination).
• Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. ISBN   978-0-544-12997-9. (Liodytes pygaea, pp. 413–414 + Plate 42).
• Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN   0-307-13666-3 (paperback), ISBN   0-307-47009-1 (hardcover). (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 158–159).
• Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Seminatrix pygaea, p. 97).
• Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 662–669, Figures 194–195, Map 50).
• Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Seminatrix pygaea, pp. 79–80, 156).