Brunei | Malaysia |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Bruneian High Commission, Putrajaya | Malaysian High Commission, Bandar Seri Begawan |
Envoy | |
High Commissioner Alaihuddin Mohamad Taha | High Commissioner Vacant Chargé d'affaires a.i. Rafedah Abd. Aziz |
Brunei and Malaysia established diplomatic relations in 1984. Brunei has a high commission in Putrajaya, as well as consulate-generals in Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. [1] [2] Malaysia maintains a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [3] Both countries are full members of ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries share a land border on the island of Borneo. Both countries are majority ethnic Malays and maintain excellent and close economic, cultural, political and defence ties to each other. [4]
Official Name | Brunei Darussalam | Federation of Malaysia |
---|---|---|
Common name | Brunei | Malaysia |
Flag | ||
Coat of Arms | ||
Population | 460,345 | 32,730,000 |
Area | 5,765 km2 (2,226 sq mi) | 330,803 km2 (127,724 sq mi) |
Population Density | 72.11/km2 (186.8/sq mi) | 92/km2 (240/sq mi) |
Time zones | 1 | 1 |
Capital & largest city | Bandar Seri Begawan – 100,700 | Kuala Lumpur – 1,790,000 |
Government | Unitary Islamic absolute monarchy | Federal parliamentary elective constitutional monarchy |
Established | 17 September 1888 (Established as a protectorate by the British) 23 November 1971 (Self-government granted from the British Empire) 1 January 1984 (Independence from the British Empire proclaimed for Brunei) | 31 August 1957 (Independence from the British Empire proclaimed for the Federation of Malaya) 16 September 1963 (Proclamation of Malaysia) |
Predecessor States | Medieval Kingdom Period (1368–1888) Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1888) British Colonial Period (1888–1984) Protectorate of Brunei (1888–1941; 1946–1984) Japanese Occupation Period (1942–1945) Occupied British Borneo (1942–1945) Interim Military Period (1945–1946) Military Administration of Borneo (1945–1946) Independent Period (1984–present) Brunei Darussalam (1984–present) | Portuguese Colonial Period (1511–1641) Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641) Dutch Colonial Period (1641–1825) Dutch Malacca (1641–1795; 1818–1825) British Colonial Period (1771–1946) Straits Settlements (1826–1946) Federated Malay States (1895–1946) Unfederated Malay States (1909–1946) Raj of Sarawak (1841–1946) Crown Colony of Labuan (1848–1946) British North Borneo (1881–1946) Japanese Occupation Period (1942–1945) Occupied Malaya (1942–1945) Occupied British Borneo (1942–1945) Si Rat Malai (1943–1945) Interim Military Period (1945–1946) Military Administration of Malaya (1945–1946) Military Administration of Borneo (1945–1946) Self–Government Period (1946–1963) Malayan Union (1946–1948) Federation of Malaya (1948–1963) Crown Colony of North Borneo (1946–1963) Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946–1963) Federation Period (1963–present) Federation of Malaysia (1963–present) |
First Leader | Muhammad Shah (historical) Hassanal Bolkiah (de jure) | Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Monarch) Tunku Abdul Rahman (Prime Minister) |
Head of State | Monarch: Hassanal Bolkiah | Monarch: Ibrahim |
Head of Government | Prime Minister: Hassanal Bolkiah | Prime Minister: Anwar Ibrahim |
Deputy Leader | Crown Prince: Al-Muhtadee Billah | None |
Legislature | Legislative Council (Unicameral) | Parliament (Bicameral) |
Upper House | none | Senate President: Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar |
Lower House | none | House of Representatives Speaker: Johari Abdul |
Judiciary | High Court | Federal Court Chief Justice: Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat |
Official language | Malay | Malay |
National anthem | Allah Peliharakan Sultan (God Bless the Sultan) | Negaraku (My Country) |
Currency | Brunei dollar (B$) | Malaysian ringgit (RM) |
National carrier | Royal Brunei Airlines | Malaysia Airlines |
International airport | Brunei International Airport | Kuala Lumpur International Airport |
Public broadcasting | Radio Television Brunei | Radio Television Malaysia |
GDP (nominal) | $13.002 billion ($30,933 per capita) | $800.169 billion ($25,833 per capita) |
Relations between the two countries has been established since January 1984. [5]
Brunei and Malaysia have many similarities in culture especially in the East Malaysian areas as they were once a part of the Bruneian Empire. In 2011, around 61,470 Bruneians visited Malaysia [5] while Brunei received 1,238,871 Malaysian tourists in 2013. [6]
The states of Sarawak and Sabah in East Malaysia are connected to Brunei via the Pan Borneo Highway through the Brunei–Malaysia Friendship Bridge.
Before 2009, Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang was in dispute. [7] Brunei and Malaysia agreed to cease gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deep water seabeds until negotiations progressed into an agreement over allocation of disputed areas in 2003. [8] In March 2009, it seemed a solution was achieved between the two governments when the Malaysian press reported that Brunei dropped all claims to Limbang, thus recognising it as a Malaysian territory. [9] Brunei however immediately denied Malaysian press reports, saying the Limbang Question was never discussed during negotiations for the Exchange of Letters. [10]
Brunei, formally Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2020 the country had a population of 460,345, of whom approximately 100,000 resided in the capital and largest city Bandar Seri Begawan. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan of Brunei, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia.
The history of Brunei concerns the settlements and societies located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, which has been under the influence of Indianised kingdoms and empires for much of its history. Local scholars assume that the Islamisation of Brunei started in the fifteenth century, with the formation of the Bruneian Empire, a thalassocracy which covered the northern part of Borneo and the southern Philippines. At the end of the 17th century, Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by Brunei Civil War, piracy, and European colonial expansion. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei lost Manila and evacuated their capital for a brief period until the Spanish withdrew. The empire lost much of its territory with the arrival of the Western powers, such as the Spanish in the Philippines and the British in Labuan, Sarawak, and North Borneo. The decline of the Bruneian Empire accelerated in the nineteenth century when Brunei gave much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin later appealed to the British to stop further annexation in 1888. In the same year, the British signed a "Treaty of Protection" and made Brunei a British protectorate until 1984 when it gained independence and prospered due to the discovery of oil.
Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital and largest city of Brunei. It is officially a municipal area with an area of 100.36 square kilometres (38.75 sq mi) and an estimated population of 100,700 as of 2007. It is part of Brunei-Muara District, the smallest yet most populous district which is home to over 70 per cent of the country's population. It is the country's largest urban centre and nominally the country's only city. The capital is home to Brunei's seat of government, as well as a commercial and cultural centre. It was formerly known as Brunei Town until it was renamed in 1970 in honour of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the 28th Sultan of Brunei and the father of the current Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
Kota Kinabalu, colloquially referred to as KK, is the state capital of Sabah, Malaysia. It is also the capital of the Kota Kinabalu District as well as the West Coast Division of Sabah. The city is located on the northwest coast of Borneo facing the South China Sea. The Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park lies to its west and Mount Kinabalu, which gave the city its name, is located to its east. Kota Kinabalu has a population of 452,058 according to the 2010 census; when the adjacent Penampang and Tuaran districts are included, the metro area has a combined population of 628,725. The 2020 Census revealed an increase in the municipal population to 500,421, while the wider area including the Penampang and Putatan districts had a population of 731,406.
Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien was the 28th Sultan of Brunei, reigning from 1950 until his abdication from the throne in 1967.
Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District in the Limbang Division of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. This district area is 3,978.10 square kilometres, and population was 56,900. It is located on the banks of the Limbang River, between the two halves of Brunei.
Lawas is a small town and the capital of Lawas District, Limbang Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. This district area is 3,811.90 square kilometres, and population was 46,200. It is 1,200 km from the state capital, Kuching and 200 km from the capital city of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu.
The North Borneo Federation, also known as North Kalimantan, was a proposed political entity which would have comprised the British colonies of Sarawak, British North Borneo and the protectorate of Brunei.
Abdul Momin was the 24th Sultan of Brunei from 1852 until his death in 1885.
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin was the 25th Sultan of Brunei from 1885 to 1906.
Limbang Division is one of the twelve administrative divisions of Sarawak, Malaysia. It has a total area of 7,788.50 square kilometres, and is the fourth largest division after Kapit Division, Miri Division and Bintulu Division. Limbang Division consists of two districts which are Limbang District and Lawas District, which in turn are divided as sub-districts in Limbang and two sub-districts in Lawas. Long Semadoh and Ba’kelalan are rural settlements in the southern part of Lawas district. Two major towns in Limbang are Limbang and Lawas. There are also few smaller towns such as Sundar, Trusan, Merapok and Tedungan.
MASwings Sdn Bhd is a regional airline operating the Rural Air Services (RAS) in Borneo Malaysia. MASwings is the successors of FlyAsianXpress which operated RAS flights from 2006-2007, itself the successor Malaysia Airlines operation of RAS flights during 1965-2006. Borneo Airways originally operated RAS flights from 1953-1965 within colonial British Borneo.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and a topical guide to Brunei:
The Brunei–Malaysia border divides the territory of Brunei and Malaysia on the island of Borneo. It consists of a 266 km (165 mi) land border and substantial lengths of maritime borders stretching from the coastline of the two countries to the edge of the continental shelf in the South China Sea.
The Limbang District is one of the two districts of Limbang Division, Malaysia. It has a total area of 3,978.10 square kilometres. The major town is Limbang. It has one sub-district, which is Nanga Medamit Sub-District. It borders Brunei Darussalam to the west and east, Lawas District to the southeast and Miri District at the south and southwest. Due to being squeezed in between Brunei at its north and coastal areas, Limbang is accessible by road only by going through immigration posts.
The Brunei Malay language is the most widely spoken language in Brunei and a lingua franca in some parts of Sarawak and Sabah, such as Labuan, Limbang, Lawas, Sipitang and Papar. Though Standard Malay is promoted as the official national language of Brunei, Brunei Malay is socially dominant and it is currently replacing the minority languages of Brunei, including the Dusun and Tutong languages. It is quite divergent from Standard Malay to the point where it is almost mutually unintelligible with it.
The Treaty of Labuan was signed between Great Britain and the Brunei Sultanate on 18 December 1846. Under this treaty, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the island of Labuan to Great Britain.
The Ministry of Defence Brunei Darussalam, officially abbreviated as MinDef, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Brunei. It is responsible for the country's national security and military forces, the latter collectively known as the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF); Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja Brunei, (ABDB). It is Brunei's ministry of defence; and was established on 1 January 1984, when Brunei Darussalam achieved independence from the United Kingdom. The Ministry of Defence leadership presently consists of a minister ; its incumbent is the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, who is also the Supreme Commander of the RBAF / ABDB. A deputy minister is second-in-command at the MinDef.
Borneo Airways Limited also known as Borneo Airways, was the flag carrier and the principal domestic airline in British Borneo based in Labuan between 1957 until 1 April 1965 when it merged with Malaysian Airways.
Pengiran Nooriyah is a Bruneian diplomat who became the incumbent ambassador to South Korea since 2019, and the former head of mission at the Consulate General of Brunei in Kota Kinabalu. She is also among the Honorary Ambassador Members of the Asia Society Korea.
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