Bugula neritina

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Bugula neritina
Bugula neritina.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Bryozoa
Class: Gymnolaemata
Order: Cheilostomatida
Family: Bugulidae
Genus: Bugula
Species:
B. neritina
Binomial name
Bugula neritina
Synonyms [2]

Sertularia neritinaLinnaeus, 1758 (basionym)

Bugula neritina (commonly known as brown bryozoan or common bugula) is a cryptic species complex of sessile marine animal in the genus Bugula . [2] It has a practically cosmopolitan distribution, being found in temperate and tropical waters around the world, and it has become an invasive species in numerous locations. [3] [4] It is often found in hard substrates, such as rocks, shells, pillars and ship hulls, where it can form dense mats, contributing to biofouling. [5] [6] B. neritina is of biomedical interest because it harbors a bacterial symbiont that produces a group of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the treatment of numerous diseases. [7] [8] [9]

Contents

Biology

Description

B. neritina forms fouling colonies of brown-purplish color, [5] it feeds itself with particles in suspension for being a sessile animal. Besides that, its zooids (individuals that compose the colony) are white, with a pointed exterior corner and differentiates itself of the other species of the genus by not presenting the following zooids: avicularium and spine zooids. [10]

The colonies tend to live more than one year, and their zooids are hermaphrodites, with the dispersion of gametes in different times of life, avoiding self fecundation. [11]

In their life cicle, a zooid is originated by sexual reproduction and develops the colony by budding, the fixation is done the whole year, with exception of the period of mid-winter, by the lecithotrophic larva. It is valid to point out that B. neritina is hermaphrodite. [5]

Phylogeny

The Bugula neritina species is inserted in the clade Lophophorata due to the presence of a lophophore, a feeding structure that is the synapomorphy characteristic of the group. Phylum Bryozoa, class Gymnolaemata and order Cheilostomatida, as the external wall is calcified. They belong to the Bugulidae family and the genus Bugula . [2]

Distribution

Lophophores of Bugula neritina Lophophore of Bugula neritina.jpg
Lophophores of Bugula neritina

The Bugula neritina species, one of the first bryozoans to be discovered and considered as the type species of the Bugula genus, [12] are colonial and marine animals, with a wide geographical distribution. They are actually considered a complex of three crypitic species, morphologically equal, but with a few genetic differences, and the haplotype S1 is the most distributed. [4]

They are virtually cosmopolitans and, in many regions, invasives, once they can be found in almost the whole globe, with exception of the north and south poles, subartic and subantartic, [3] being commonly present in the costal regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic; in Australia, New Zealand, United States and Hawaii, Mediterranean Sea and even in Brazil. [11] These animals have preference for shallow and warm waters, between 10 and 30 °C, [13] being found in port areas and in ship hulls, [3] which facilitated their dispersion and introduction in new regions. [11] B. neritina forms biofouling colonies of approximately 10 centimeters of height, [3] preferring organic and rigid substrates. [5]

Interactions with humans

Drug discovery

Chemical structure of Bryostatin 1ACS Bryostatin 1 ACS.svg
Chemical structure of Bryostatin 1ACS

Bugula neritina is of interest from a drug discovery perspective because its bacterial symbiont, Candidatus Endobugula sertula, [7] produces the bryostatins, a group of around twenty bioactive natural products. The bryostatins are under investigation for their therapeutic potential directed at cancer immunotherapy, [14] [8] treatment of Alzheimer's disease, [8] [15] and HIV/AIDS eradication, [9] due to their low toxicity and antineoplastic activity. [16]

Despite that, there is a challenge in the utilization of bryostatins in medical treatments, given that it is only found in small quantities in the organisms, making it unfeasible for the replication of the process. [17] In addition, the symbiotic relationship of B. neritina and the bacteria Candidatus Endobugula sertula has not yet been searched enough, bringing difficulties for the biosynthetics in the study about the cultivation of this bacteria. [17]

Invasive species

The invasive aspect of this species occurs from, besides the dipersion of colonies in ship hulls, for the fact that they have high tolerance to toxic environments, including copper pollution, which confers a competitive advantage for the B. neritina in polluted environments. [5] [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryozoa</span> Phylum of colonial aquatic invertebrates called moss animals

Bryozoa are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about 0.5 millimetres long, they have a special feeding structure called a lophophore, a "crown" of tentacles used for filter feeding. Most marine bryozoans live in tropical waters, but a few are found in oceanic trenches and polar waters. The bryozoans are classified as the marine bryozoans (Stenolaemata), freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata), and mostly-marine bryozoans (Gymnolaemata), a few members of which prefer brackish water. 5,869 living species are known. Originally all of the crown group Bryozoa were colonial, but as an adaptation to a mesopsammal life or to deep-sea habitats, secondarily solitary forms have since evolved. Solitary species has been described in four genera; Aethozooides, Aethozoon, Franzenella and Monobryozoon). The latter having a statocyst-like organ with a supposed excretory function.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entoprocta</span> Phylum of aquatic invertebrates

Entoprocta, or Kamptozoa, is a phylum of mostly sessile aquatic animals, ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres long. Mature individuals are goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They have a "crown" of solid tentacles whose cilia generate water currents that draw food particles towards the mouth, and both the mouth and anus lie inside the "crown". The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a "crown" of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly.

Stenolaemata are a class of exclusively marine bryozoans. Stenolaemates originated and diversified in the Ordovician, and more than 600 species are still alive today. All extant (living) species are in the order Cyclostomatida, the third-largest order of living bryozoans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheilostomatida</span> Order of moss animals

Cheilostomatida, also called Cheilostomata, is an order of Bryozoa in the class Gymnolaemata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryostatin</span> Chemical compound

Bryostatins are a group of macrolide lactones from the marine organism Bugula neritina that were first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe. Bryostatins are potent modulators of protein kinase C. They have been studied in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents, as anti-AIDS/HIV agents and in people with Alzheimer's disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclostomatida</span> Order of moss animals

Cyclostomatida, or cyclostomata, are an ancient order of stenolaemate bryozoans which first appeared in the Lower Ordovician. It consists of 7+ suborders, 59+ families, 373+ genera, and 666+ species. The cyclostome bryozoans were dominant in the Mesozoic; since that era, they have decreased. Currently, cyclostomes seldom constitute more than 20% of the species recorded in regional bryozoan faunas.

<i>Bugula</i> Genus of moss animals

Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zooid</span> Single animal that is part of a colonial animal

A zooid or zoöid is a single animal that is part of a colonial animal. This lifestyle has been adopted by animals from separate unrelated taxa. Zooids are multicellular; their structure is similar to that of other solitary animals. The zooids can either be directly connected by tissue or share a common exoskeleton. The colonial organism as a whole is called a zoon, plural zoa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phylactolaemata</span> Order of moss animals

Phylactolaemata is a class of the phylum Bryozoa whose members live only in freshwater environments. Like all bryozoans, they filter feed by means of an extensible "crown" of ciliated tentacles called a lophophore, and like nearly all bryozoans, they live in colonies, each of which consists of clones of the founding member. Unlike those of some marine bryozoans, phylactolaemate colonies consist of only one type of zooid, the feeding forms known as autozooids. These are supported by an unmineralized "exoskeleton" made of gelatinous material or protein, secreted by the zooids. The class contains only one extant order, Plumatellida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brachiozoa</span> Clade of brachiopods

Brachiozoa is a grouping of lophophorate animals including Brachiopoda and Phoronida. It also includes their ancestors, the extinct tommotiids.

<i>Flustra foliacea</i> Species of moss animal

Flustra foliacea is a species of bryozoans found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is a colonial animal that is frequently mistaken for a seaweed. Colonies begin as encrusting mats, and only produce loose fronds after their first year of growth. They may reach 20 cm (8 in) long, and smell like lemons. Its microscopic structure was examined by Robert Hooke and illustrated in his 1665 work Micrographia.

<i>Aplidium californicum</i> Species of sea squirt

Aplidium californicum is a species of colonial sea squirt, a tunicate in the family Polyclinidae. It is commonly known as sea pork.

<i>Electra pilosa</i> Species of moss animal

Electra pilosa is a species of colonial bryozoan in the order Cheilostomatida. It is native to the northeastern and northwestern Atlantic Ocean and is also present in Australia and New Zealand.

<i>Zoothamnium niveum</i> Species of single-celled organism

Zoothamnium niveum is a species of ciliate protozoan which forms feather-shaped colonies in marine coastal environments. The ciliates form a symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic bacteria of the species "Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli", which live on the surface of the colonies and give them their unusual white color.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine microbiome</span>

All animals on Earth form associations with microorganisms, including protists, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. In the ocean, animal–microbial relationships were historically explored in single host–symbiont systems. However, new explorations into the diversity of marine microorganisms associating with diverse marine animal hosts is moving the field into studies that address interactions between the animal host and a more multi-member microbiome. The potential for microbiomes to influence the health, physiology, behavior, and ecology of marine animals could alter current understandings of how marine animals adapt to change, and especially the growing climate-related and anthropogenic-induced changes already impacting the ocean environment.

Callopora lineata is a species of colonial bryozoan in the family Calloporidae. It is found on rocky shores in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

<i>Chorizopora brongniartii</i> Species of bryozoan (marine moss animal)

Chorizopora brongniartii is a species of bryozoan in the family Chorizoporidae. It is an encrusting bryozoan, the colonies forming spreading patches. It has a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate seas.

Bicellariella ciliata is a species of bryozoan belonging to the family Bugulidae. It is found in shallow water on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Crisularia plumosa</i> Colonial aquatic invertebrate

Crisularia plumosa is a species of bryozoan belonging to the family Bugulidae, commonly known as the feather bryozoan. It is native to the Atlantic Ocean.

Walkeria uva is a species of colonial bryozoan in the order Ctenostomatida. It occurs on either side of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Baltic Sea, in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Indo-Pacific region.

References

General

Specific

  1. ↑ "Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)". CABI (organisation). 3 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Gordon, D. (2015). Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111158 on 2015-09-02
  3. 1 2 3 4 Mawatari, S. F. (1992). "Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New-Zealand ports and harbours". Miscellaneous Publication New Zealand Oceanographic Institute.
  4. 1 2 Mackie, Joshua A.; Keough, Michael J.; Christidis, Les (2006-05-01). "Invasion patterns inferred from cytochrome oxidase I sequences in three bryozoans, Bugula neritina, Watersipora subtorquata, and Watersipora arcuata". Marine Biology. 149 (2): 285–295. Bibcode:2006MarBi.149..285M. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0196-x. ISSN   1432-1793. S2CID   85250925.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Mackie, Josh (2022-01-07). "Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium. doi: 10.1079/cabicompendium.109209 . ISSN   2958-3969. S2CID   253656042.
  6. ↑ Yua X, Yana Y, Gua JD (2007). "Attachment of the biofouling bryozoan Bugula neritina larvae affected by inorganic and organic chemical cues". Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 60 (2): 81–89. Bibcode:2007IBiBi..60...81Y. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.12.003.
  7. 1 2 Li, Hai; Mishra, Mrinal; Ding, Shaoxiong; Miyamoto, Michael M. (2018-08-23). "Diversity and Dynamics of "Candidatus Endobugula" and Other Symbiotic Bacteria in Chinese Populations of the Bryozoan, Bugula neritina". Microbial Ecology. 77 (1): 243–256. doi:10.1007/s00248-018-1233-x. ISSN   0095-3628. PMID   30141128. S2CID   52077233.
  8. 1 2 3 Ruan BF, Zhu HL (2012). "The chemistry and biology of the bryostatins: potential PKC inhibitors in clinical development". Curr Med Chem. 19 (16): 2652–64. doi:10.2174/092986712800493020. PMID   22506770.
  9. 1 2 Wender, P. A.; Kee, J.-M.; Warrington, J. M. (2008-05-02). "Practical Synthesis of Prostratin, DPP, and Their Analogs, Adjuvant Leads Against Latent HIV". Science. 320 (5876): 649–652. Bibcode:2008Sci...320..649W. doi:10.1126/science.1154690. ISSN   0036-8075. PMC   2704988 . PMID   18451298.
  10. ↑ "Bryozoa" [Bryozoa]. osanimaisdenossaspraias.ufba.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-07-08.
  11. 1 2 3 "Bugula neritina | The Exotics Guide". www.exoticsguide.org. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  12. ↑ Judith E. Winston; Robert M. Woollacott (September 2008). "Rediscription and Revision of some red-pigmented Bugula species" (PDF). Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology. 159 (3): 179–212.
  13. ↑ "Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Ocean Biodiversity Information System". obis.org. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  14. ↑ Singh R, Sharma M, Joshi P, Rawat DS (2008). "Clinical status of anti-cancer agents derived from marine sources". Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 8 (6): 603–617. doi:10.2174/187152008785133074. PMID   18690825.
  15. ↑ "Bryostatin – Phase II clinical testing of a non-toxic PKC activator". Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute (West Virginia University). Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  16. ↑ Figuerola; Avila (2019). "The Phylum Bryozoa as a Promising Source of Anticancer Drugs". Marine Drugs. 17 (8): 477. doi: 10.3390/md17080477 . PMC   6722838 . PMID   31426556.
  17. 1 2 Trindade-Silva, Amaro E; Lim-Fong, Grace E; Sharp, Koty H; Haygood, Margo G (2010-12-01). "Bryostatins: biological context and biotechnological prospects". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. Chemical biotechnology – Pharmaceutical biotechnology. 21 (6): 834–842. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.09.018. ISSN   0958-1669. PMC   4497553 . PMID   20971628.
  18. ↑ Piola, Richard F.; Johnston, Emma L. (2006-04-13). "Differential resistance to extended copper exposure in four introduced bryozoans". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 311: 103–114. Bibcode:2006MEPS..311..103P. doi: 10.3354/meps311103 . ISSN   0171-8630.
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