The California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) is a private university in San Francisco, California.[1][2][3] It was founded in 1968. As of 2020, the institute operates in two locations: the main campus near the confluence of the Civic Center, SoMa, and Mission districts, and another campus for the American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Potrero Hill neighborhood.[4] As of 2020, CIIS has a total of 1,510 students and 80 core faculty members.[5]
Although the institute has no official spiritual path, some of its historical roots lie among followers of the Bengali sage Sri Aurobindo.[6] The term "Integral", in the school's name, refers to Aurobindo's Integral Yoga (purnayoga), here interpreted as the integration of mind, body, and spirit.
History
American Academy of Asian Studies (1951–1956)
The California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) grew out of the earlier American Academy of Asian Studies, founded by Louis Gainsborough in 1951.[7][8] Other early contributors to the founding of the academy include Frederic Spiegelberg.[9] The academy was an independent educational institution set up to study Eastern culture and philosophy [7] and improve the dialogue between east and west.[8] Soon after the founding of the institution, Gainsborough was joined by Alan Watts and Haridas Chaudhuri, two persons that played a crucial role in the development of the academy's academic profile.[8]
Both Watts and Chaudhuri were oriented towards Eastern religions and philosophy and integrated this into their teaching and colloquia. Watts, a teacher of Eastern mysticism, established the academy as a meeting place for counter-cultural movements, also known as the San Francisco Renaissance. Chaudhuri, a scholar of Aurobindo, developed the field of Integral counseling psychology, an integration of eastern philosophy with the growing field of counseling psychology.[8] According to sources "Chaudhuri’s vision of integral education, like that of Alan Watts, was based on connecting the cultural traditions of the East and the West".[8]
By 1952 the Academy was in financial decline, after Gainsborough suffered serious business losses. For support and accreditation, the Academy entered into an agreement to serve as the graduate school of Asian studies for the College of the Pacific. Spiegelberg stepped down and focused on his work at Stanford, while Watts became head of the school and operated it on a shoestring budget for the next four years. But the conservative college administration became dissatisfied with Watts' leadership and pushed him out in 1956.[10][11]
Due to Watts' departure a group of resident scholars led by Ananda Claude Dalenberg including Shien, Feng, and Snyder also left the Academy and founded an intentional community called East-West House. Kerouac's visits there too resulted in characters for his books. East-West House residents also included Knute Stiles, Joanne Kyger, and other leading artists, poets and writers of the Beat Generation interested in Asian thought, who would no longer see the Academy as a resource. This added to the financial strain on the school, which closed within the year.[10][12][11]
Cultural Integration Fellowship (1957-)
Following the Academy's collapse, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina established the Cultural Integration Fellowship (CIF), which for many decades offered a place for meditation, learning, and events in a house on Fulton Street across from Golden Gate Park, in the Inner Richmond District of San Francisco.[11]
CIF was founded on the ideals of Sri Aurobindo's integral philosophy and the practice of Integral Yoga, while the East-West House community maintained a connection with Watts, his Beat Zen, and later also Shunryū Suzuki and the San Francisco Zen Center. The Esalen Institute would feature seminars by both Chaudhuri and Watts. And it was at CIF in 1960 that the future Esalen cofounders, Murphy and Price, first met despite having both attended the Academy and Spiegelberg's lectures at Stanford in years past. Murphy had been at the Sri Aurobindo ashram in India from June 1956 to October 1957, and was now living, meditating, and studying at the CIF house, where he invited Price to room with him. Within a year they established what would become Esalen Institute in Big Sur.[13][12]
The Cultural Integration Fellowship developed an education branch that would evolve into a separate institution, while CIF itself would continue as a meditation, learning, and event center at the same location on Fulton Street well into the twenty-first century.[11][12]
California Institute of Asian Studies (1968–1980)
In 1968, Chaudhuri was instrumental in the founding and development of a new institution called the California Institute of Asian Studies, which grew out of the education branch of the Cultural Integration Fellowship and built upon the experience of the former American Academy of Asian Studies.[8][14]
In this period several developments took place. Paul Herman continued the work of Chaudhuri and also designed the institute's first graduate degree in Integral Psychology, the Integral Counseling Psychology (ICP) degree, which was established in 1973.[8]
Frederic Spiegelberg, who helped found the predecessor American Academy of Asian Studies, served as the institute's second president, from 1976 to 1978.[7][9]
California Institute of Integral Studies (1980–present)
In 1980 the Institute underwent a change of name, now emerging as the California Institute of Integral Studies.[14]
In 1981, the institute was granted regional accreditation[14] and became a member of the national community of colleges and universities.[8] By the mid-eighties several academic programs were available, including the clinical psychology program, the counseling psychology program, and the East/West psychology program. Several new programs were also launched in the 1985–1986 academic year, including the organizational development program and transformation certificate program, and the external studies program. Other services, available to students at this time, included an extensive library, as well as the Integral Counseling Center, a community-based service facility that supported the training needs of clinical and counseling students.[14]
In 2008, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that psychology students at the New College of California were transferring to the California Institute of Integral Studies, due to the closing of the former institution.[15]
In 2012, CIIS, with support from the Aetna Foundation, announced that it was introducing its new onsite Health and Wellness Coaching program to San Francisco's Mid-Market District. The program was to be of benefit to children and families living at 10th & Mission Family Housing, a supportive housing project run by Mercy Housing California.[16] In 2013 Jordan[17] published a case report that summarized the experiences from the Integrative Wellness Coaching (IWC) project among homeless and low-income individuals in San Francisco. The IWC model was, at this time, included in the Master of Arts program in Integrative Health Studies at the California Institute of Integral Studies.
Philosophical background
Central to the early history of the institute is a model of so-called integral education. Originally set up to study Eastern culture and philosophy in the beginning of the 1950s,[7] the Institute developed further in this direction with the arrival of Haridas Chaudhuri. Chaudhuri introduced the integral philosophy of Sri Aurobindo as a navigating principle for education and established a perspective that sought a holistic view of the human being; an integration of material and spiritual values; as well as an integration of Eastern and Western philosophies and worldviews.[8][14] By the mid-eighties this model of education was firmly established. In 1985 Voigt[14] reported on the graduate programs at CIIS and elaborated on the experience of integral education at the institute. In the late 1990s, CIIS was one of several institutions in the United States associated with the study of Holism and Consciousness.[18]
There is also a connection between the roots of CIIS and the Human Potential Movement. Among the students who attended the colloquia at the American Academy of Asian Studies in the 1950s was Michael Murphy and Dick Price, founders of the Esalen Institute at Big Sur.[8] According to Gleig and Floress,[19] "one can trace a direct line from Integral Yoga through [the Cultural Integration Fellowship] to two of the major centers of the Human Potential movement and the transpersonal psychology field it birthed: Esalen and California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS)."
Gleig and Flores further explain that:
CIIS's distinctive signature is the development of an integral education that combines academic scholarship with spiritual transformation and through its student body, faculty publications, and popular public program it has significantly shaped contemporary East-West spiritualities. As with the other main creative lineage centers – Esalen and CIF – CIIS is committed to a pluralistic spiritual vision and its Aurobindo roots are somewhat hidden.[19]
According to Jim Ryan, CIIS, as developed by the founder (Chaudhuri), "had a very wide academic reach, far beyond its basic East-West philosophy concentration. Theses and dissertations were done over many years on the politics, economics, anthropology, sociology, and area studies of many nations of the world."[20]:52
Academics
CIIS consists of four schools: the School of Professional Psychology & Health, the School of Consciousness and Transformation (mainly humanities subjects), the School of Undergraduate Studies, and the American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ACTCM). ACTCM became the fourth school after merging with CIIS on July 1, 2015.[21]
The institute offers interdisciplinary and cross-cultural graduate studies in psychology, counseling, philosophy, religion, cultural anthropology, transformative studies and leadership, integrative health, women's spirituality, and community mental health.[22] Many courses combine mainstream academic curricula with a spiritual orientation, including influences from a broad spectrum of mystical or esoteric traditions.
In 2018, The Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS), California's state regulatory agency responsible for licensing, examination, and enforcement of Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs), released statistics for its January 1, 2018 through June 30, 2018 exam cycle.[25]
CIIS examinees' pass rate was 82% (Standard exam), compared with a 77% pass rate for all schools in California.
83% of CIIS first-time Standard exam-takers passed, compared with an 80% pass rate for California schools overall.
The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) program in Clinical Psychology is not accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA). The program received APA accreditation in 2003, but accreditation was revoked in 2011, and CIIS's appeal of the revocation was denied in 2012 on the basis that it was "not fully consistent with the Guidelines and Principles for Accreditation of Programs in Professional Psychology", notably "several requirements in the following areas: Domain B: Program Philosophy, Objectives, and Curriculum Plan; Domain C: Program Resources; Domain E: Student-Faculty Relations; Domain F: Program Self-Assessment and Quality Enhancement."[26][27][28] CIIS applied for APA accreditation in June 2016, but voluntarily withdrew its application in June 2017.[29]
The Human Potential Movement (HPM) arose out of the counterculture of the 1960s and formed around the concept of an extraordinary potential that its advocates believed to lie largely untapped in all people. The movement takes as its premise the belief that through the development of their "human potential", people can experience a life of happiness, creativity, and fulfillment, and that such people will direct their actions within society toward assisting others to release their potential. Adherents believe that the collective effect of individuals cultivating their own potential will be positive change in society at large.
The Esalen Institute, commonly called Esalen, is a non-profit American retreat center and intentional community in Big Sur, California, which focuses on humanistic alternative education. The institute played a key role in the Human Potential Movement beginning in the 1960s. Its innovative use of encounter groups, a focus on the mind-body connection, and their ongoing experimentation in personal awareness introduced many ideas that later became mainstream.
Transpersonal psychology, or spiritual psychology, is an area of psychology that seeks to integrate the spiritual and transcendent aspects of the human experience within the framework of modern psychology.
Michael Murphy is the co-founder of the Esalen Institute, a key figure in the Human Potential Movement and author of The Future of the Body and other books on topics related to extraordinary human potential.
The transpersonal is a term used by different schools of philosophy and psychology in order to describe experiences and worldviews that extend beyond the personal level of the psyche, and beyond mundane worldly events.
Haridas Chaudhuri was an Indian integral philosopher. He was a correspondent with Sri Aurobindo and the founder of the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).
Bahman A.K. Shirazi is former director of graduate studies at California Institute of Integral Studies(CIIS). He has been actively affiliated with that organisation since 1983. His doctoral dissertation, "Self in Integral Psychology" was the first of its kind in the field of integral psychology. His work draws from the approach of Haridas Chaudhuri, focusing on an integrative approach to psychology, with the goal of developing insights into the nature of human psychospiritual development and integral self-realization. He has taught at several San francisco Bay Area Universities: Californian Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS), Sofia University, and previously at John F. Kennedy University(JFKU), and Dominican University of California.
Richard Price was co-founder of the Esalen Institute in 1962 and a veteran of the Beat Generation. He ran Esalen in Big Sur for many years, sometimes virtually single-handed. He developed a practice of hiking the Santa Lucia Mountains and developed a new form of personal integration and growth that he called Gestalt practice, partly based upon Gestalt therapy and Buddhist practice.
The California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) was founded in 1969 by the California Psychological Association. It is part of the for-profit Alliant International University where each campus's Clinical Psychology Psy.D. and Ph.D. program is individually accredited by the American Psychological Association. The school has trained approximately half of the licensed psychologists in California.
Jorge N. Ferrer is a US-based Spanish psychologist who wrote about the applications of participatory theory to transpersonal psychology, religious studies, integral education, and sexuality and intimate relationships.
Indra Sen was a devotee of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother, psychologist, author, and educator, and the founder of Integral psychology as an academic discipline.
Richard Theodore Tarnas is a cultural historian and astrologer known for his books The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View and Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. Tarnas is professor of philosophy and psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and is the founding director of its graduate program in Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness.
Robert McDermott is professor of Philosophy and Religion at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco. He received his Ph.D. in 1969 in philosophy from Boston University and is president emeritus of the California Institute of Integral Studies. He has taught at Manhattanville College (1964–71) and is professor emeritus and former chair of the Department of Philosophy at Baruch College, CUNY (1971–90). He was secretary of the American Academy of Religion (1968–71) and secretary treasurer of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy (1972–76).
Frederic Spiegelberg was a Stanford University professor of Asian religions.
Sri Aurobindo was an Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet, and Indian nationalist. He was also a journalist, editing newspapers such as Bande Mataram. He joined the Indian movement for independence from British colonial rule, until 1910 was one of its influential leaders, and then became a spiritual reformer, introducing his visions on human progress and spiritual evolution.
Saybrook University is a private university in Pasadena, California. It was founded in 1971 by Eleanor Camp Criswell and others. It offers postgraduate education with a focus on humanistic psychology. It features low residency, master's, and doctoral degrees and professional certification programs. The university is accredited by the WASC Senior Colleges and University Commission. The university is classified an exclusively graduate institution with programs that are "Research Doctoral: Humanities/social sciences-dominant". As of Fall of 2017 the university had 785 students enrolled. The university reported 222 full-time and part-time academic faculty in 2017.
Judith Tyberg (1902–1980) was an American yogi ("Jyotipriya"), Sanskrit scholar, and orientalist. Author of The Language of the Gods and two other texts on Sanskrit, she was the founder and guiding spirit of the East-West Cultural Center in Los Angeles, California, an institution through which many Indian yogis and spiritual teachers of various Eastern and mystical traditions were first introduced to America and the West.
Thomas J. Coates is the Director of the multi-campus University of California Global Health Institute, a UC-wide initiative established to improve health and reduce the burden of disease throughout the world. He is Professor Emeritus at the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and Founding Director of the UCLA Center for World Health, a joint initiative of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and UCLA Health, He has conducted extensive research in the realm of HIV and is the Michael and Sue Steinberg Endowed Professor of Global AIDS Research within the Division of Infectious Diseases at UCLA and Distinguished Professor of Medicine. Health-related behavior is of particular interest to Coates. Throughout his career as a health expert, his theory-based research has been focused on interventions aimed at reducing risks and threats to health
Divine Mercy University (DMU) is a private Catholic graduate university of psychology and counseling located in Sterling, Virginia.
Debashish Banerji is a Bengali scholar. He writes in English and specializes in Integral Yoga, Indian Philosophy and Psychology, Art History and Cultural Theory. He is the Haridas Chaudhuri Professor of Indian Philosophies and Cultures and the Doshi Professor of Asian Art at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, where he also chairs the department of East-West Psychology.
↑ Otterman, Sharon. "Merging Spirituality and Clinical Psychology at Columbia". New York Times, Aug. 9, 2012
↑ Aanstoos, C. Serlin, I., & Greening, T. (2000). History of Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association. In D. Dewsbury (Ed.), Unification through Division: Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, Vol. V. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
↑ "From the American Academy of Asian Studies to the California Institute of Integral Studies"
1 2 3 4 New York Times Staff. Frederic Spiegelberg, Religion Teacher, 97. The New York Times, 1994
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Subbiondo, Joseph L. CIIS and American Higher Education. Integral Review, June 2011, Vol. 7, No. 1
1 2 Stanford University News Release: Comparative religions expert Frederic Spiegelberg dies at 97. Stanford University News Service, 11/15/94
1 2 3 Wilson, Carol Ann (2009). Still Point of the Turning World: The Life of Gia-fu Feng. Amber Lotus Publishing. ISBN978-1-60237-296-2.
1 2 3 4 5 Kripal, Jeffrey John (2007). Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-45371-2.
1 2 3 Morgan, Bill (2003). The Beat Generation in San Francisco: A Literary Tour. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers. p.IX, 151–152. ISBN978-0872864177.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Voigt, Walt. Bridging East and West in Graduate Education: The California Institute of Integral Studies. The Humanistic Psychologist, 27 Vol. 13, No. 3, Autumn 1985.
↑ Schevitz, Tanya. "Stark lesson as San Francisco college close". San Francisco Chronicle online, June 20, 2008. Retrieved 07 April 2018.
↑ "Wellness; California Institute of Integral Studies, Aetna Foundation Bring Free Wellness Coaching to Supportive Housing Residents in San Francisco". Pediatrics Week; Atlanta [Atlanta]11 Feb 2012: 64.
↑ Jordan, Meg. «Health Coaching for the Underserved». Glob Adv Health Med. 2013 May; 2(3): 75–82.
↑ McManis, Sam. "University with a Vision / JFK's holistic studies program attracts devoted students – and strong critics". San Francisco Chronicle online, October 9, 1998. Retrieved 07 April 2018.
1 2 Ann Gleig and Charles I. Flores (2013), "Remembering Sri Aurobindo and the Mother: The Forgotten Lineage of Integral Yoga" (chapter 2) In: Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (2013). Gurus of Modern Yoga. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199938704. OCLC861692270.
↑ Psychology & Psychiatry Journal. "California Institute of Integral Studies Launches Groundbreaking Community Mental Health Program". Psychology & Psychiatry Journal; Atlanta, Feb 2008: 4.
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