| Candelaria concolor | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Candelariomycetes |
| Order: | Candelariales |
| Family: | Candelariaceae |
| Genus: | Candelaria |
| Species: | C. concolor |
| Binomial name | |
| Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein (1879) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
List
| |
Candelaria concolor, commonly known as the candleflame lichen or the lemon lichen, [2] is an ascomycete of the genus Candelaria . It is a small foliose lichen [2] dispersed globally. [3]
The vegetative body, or thallus, of the lichen is foliose, and its color ranges from bright-yellow to yellow-green. Thallus is minute (less than 1cm wide), but aggregates to form extensive colonies. [4] Lobes of the thallus are flattened and divided. [5] Soredia are granular and are found in margins between or at the end of lobes. Apothecia are rare and minute (under 1 mm). Asci are clavate and contain over 30 ascospores. [4] Pycnidia are much more common and are found as wart-like structures on the upper-surface of the thallus. Pycnidia are often the same color as the thallus, with darker conidia. Lower surface of the thallus is whitish-pink with white rhizines. [4]
Candelaria concolor has been used as in anatomical studies of lichen looking at green modules, clusters of algae and hyphae. Electron micrograph images has revealed pockets of a protein called hydrophobin surrounding these modules. [6] It has been postulated that these pockets allow for gas and water exchange to the algal layer of the lichen.
Candelaria concolor is often misidentified as a member of Xanthoria , however C. concolor is K−, whereas Xanthoria species are K+ with a bright red to purple reaction. [4] [7]
Candelaria concolor can be distinguished from Candelaria pacifica due to its larger lobes, distinct lower cortex, and relatively large white rhizines. Asci of C. pacifica also contain only 8 ascospores. [8]
Notable secondary metabolites created by C. concolor include: pulvinic dilactone, vulpinic acid, calycin. [4] [7]
Globally distributed. Very common species in North America and Europe. [3] One of the most common lichen species in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts. [4] Most commonly found of the bark of trees, especially that of Acer, Fraxinus, Salix, and Ulmus. [4] Also found on wooden fences and poles. Less often seen on rocks and walls. Prefer well lit areas. Can be found in the emergent layer of forests in through birds dispersing both soredia and nutrients, [9] however a different study found that C. concolor becomes more and more rare as canopy height increases. [10]
Listed as IUCN Least Concern in Great Britain and Ireland. [5] Regularly found in eutrophicated habitats, and can be an indicator of high nitrogen in the environment when found as the dominant lichen species. [4] [11] Quite tolerant to pollution, found in many urban environments.
Xanthoria parietina is a foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has wide distribution, and many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls, and also on inland rocks, walls, or tree bark. It was chosen as a model organism for genomic sequencing by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI).
Physcia stellaris is a species of lichen. It is pale grey, but darker in the centre, and lacks isidia, lobules, soredia and pruina.It tests positive K+ yellow upper cortex with a 10% potassium hydroxide solution. In North America, it is known colloquially as the fringed rosette lichen.
Menegazzia terebrata is a species of foliose lichen found scattered across many continents, including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Esslingeriana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single foliose lichen species Esslingeriana idahoensis, commonly known as the tinted rag lichen. It is found in northwestern North America.
Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up of multiple species: a fungus, one or more photobionts and sometimes a yeast. They are regularly grouped by their external appearance – a characteristic known as their growth form. This form, which is based on the appearance of vegetative part of the lichen, varies depending on the species and the environmental conditions it faces. Those who study lichens (lichenologists) have described a dozen of these forms: areolate, byssoid, calicioid, cladoniform, crustose, filamentous, foliose, fruticose, gelatinous, leprose, placoidioid and squamulose. Traditionally, crustose (flat), foliose (leafy) and fruticose (shrubby) are considered to be the three main forms. In addition to these more formalised, traditional growth types, there are a handful of informal types named for their resemblance to the lichens of specific genera. These include alectorioid, catapyrenioid, cetrarioid, hypogymnioid, parmelioid and usneoid.
Lichen morphology describes the external appearance and structures of a lichen. These can vary considerably from species to species. Lichen growth forms are used to group lichens by "vegetative" thallus types, and forms of "non-vegetative" reproductive parts. Some lichen thalli have the aspect of leaves ; others cover the substrate like a crust, others such as the genus Ramalina adopt shrubby forms, and there are gelatinous lichens such as the genus Collema.
Xanthoparmelia lineola, commonly known as the tight rock-shield, is a foliose lichen species in the genus Xanthoparmelia. It is a common species with a temperate distribution. Found in North America and South Africa, it grows on rocks.
Hypogymnia congesta is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in China, it was formally described as a new species in 2003. The lichen grows on the bark and wood of conifers and bamboo. Hypogymnia congesta has a brown to brownish-grey foliose thallus measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long or broad, with a cartilage-like texture. The lichen is chemically distinct, containing physodic acid and virensic acid; the latter substance is otherwise unknown from genus Hypogymnia.
Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.
Punctelia graminicola is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on rocks, and, less frequently, on bark in North America, South America, and East Africa. It has a blue-grey thallus measuring up to about 15 cm (6 in), covered with tiny pores called pseudocyphellae. Sometimes the lichen forms small lobes that project out from the surface. Fruiting bodies are uncommon in this species; if present, they resemble small cups with a brown internal disc measuring 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) in diameter. A lookalike species, Punctelia hypoleucites, is not readily distinguishable from Punctelia graminicola by appearance or habitat alone; these species can only be reliably differentiated by examining the length of their conidia.
Anzia centrifuga is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found only on one volcano on Porto Santo in the Madeira Archipelago, where it grows on rocks.
Parmelia barrenoae is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2005. Before this, it was lumped together as one of several lichens in the Parmelia sulcata group—a species complex of genetically distinct lookalikes. Parmelia barrenoae is widely distributed, occurring in Europe, western North America, Africa, and Asia.
Candelaria pacifica is a widely distributed corticolous (bark-dwelling), leprose lichen. It was formally described as a species in 2011.
Gallowayella aphrodites is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in the Mediterranean countries Greece, Cyprus, and Italy. Characteristics of the lichen include its small thallus, the disposition of the rhizines on the thallus undersurface, and the lack of vegetative propagules.
Canoparmelia consanguinea is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologists Marcelo Marcelli, Luciana da Silva Canêz, and John Elix. The type specimen was collected from an open field in Fazenda da Estrela at an altitude of 920 m (3,020 ft), where it was growing on basaltic rock.
Candelaria asiatica is a lichenized species of fungus in the genus Candelaria, family Candelariaceae. Recognized by its small yellow lobate thallus, this species is found growing under open areas in forests. It is distributed in South Asia, Pakistan, and China.
Opeltiella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Candelariaceae. The genus, established by Sergey Kondratyuk in 2020, has four species. It is differentiated from the similar genus Candelaria by its unique features such as eight-spored asci and absence of a lower cortical layer and true rhizines. The genus is characterised by its areolate to more or less squamulose or foliose thallus and the unique chemical substances it contains, such as calycin, pulvinic and vulpinic acids, and pulvinic acid lactone.
Lobariella reticulata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in Colombia.
Gallowayella weberi is a species of corticolous and saxicolous, foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in the eastern United States, it is a small lichen with a smooth yellow to orange upper surface and a contrasting white lower surface.