Cardamine concatenata

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Cardamine concatenata
Cardamine concatenata Radnor Lake.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Cardamine
Species:
C. concatenata
Binomial name
Cardamine concatenata
Synonyms [3]
Homotypic Synonyms
    • Dentaria concatenataMichx.
Heterotypic Synonyms
    • Cardamine laciniata(Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph.Wood
    • Cardamine laciniata var. integraO.E.Schulz
    • Cardamine laciniata f. minor(DC.) O.E.Schulz
    • Dentaria laciniataMuhl. ex Willd.
    • Dentaria laciniata f. albifloraLouis-Marie
    • Dentaria laciniata var. alternaFarw.
    • Dentaria laciniata var. coalescensFernald
    • Dentaria laciniata f. hexifoliaWolden
    • Dentaria laciniata var. integra(O.E.Schulz) Fernald
    • Dentaria laciniata var. latifoliaFarw.
    • Dentaria laciniata var. minorDC.
    • Dentaria laciniata var. oppositaFarw.

Cardamine concatenata, the cutleaved toothwort, crow's toes, pepper root or purple-flowered toothwort, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a perennial woodland wildflower native to eastern North America. [4]

Contents

Description

Botanical illustration of Cardamine concatenata (1913) Cardamine concatenata BB-1913.png
Botanical illustration of Cardamine concatenata (1913)

Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a distinctive group of species that includes Cardamine angustata , Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla , Cardamine dissecta , Cardamine incisa , and Cardamine maxima . Members of the alliance are morphologically similar, with an elongated fleshy rhizome and either ternate or palmately compound leaves. [5]

The vegetative parts of this plant, which can reach 20–40 cm, arise from a segmented rhizome. The leaves are on long petioles, deeply and palmately dissected into five segments with large "teeth" on the margins. The white to pinkish flowers are held above the foliage in a spike. Fruit is an elongated pod which can be up to 4 cm long. [6] [7]

Taxonomy

Cardamine concatenata was first described as Dentaria concatenata by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803. [8] [9] Otto Karl Anton Schwarz placed Dentaria concatenataMichx. in genus Cardamine in 1939. [2] The name Cardamine concatenata(Michx.) O.Schwarz is widely used today. [3] [10]

Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a group of species that includes Cardamine angustata , Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla , Cardamine dissecta , Cardamine incisa , and Cardamine maxima . [5] Members of the alliance were previously placed in genus DentariaTourn. ex L., which is now considered to be a synonym for CardamineL. [11] The alliance is strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which is consistent with the strong morphological resemblance among the species. [12]

Distribution and habitat

Cardamine concatenata, like all members of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, is native to eastern North America. It has the widest distribution of any member of the alliance, with a range that extends north to Québec and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas, and west to Kansas and Oklahoma. [5] It is known to occur in the following provinces and states: [3] [13]

In the eastern United States where the distribution of Cardamine concatenata is widespread, it occurs in most of the counties of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. [14] It occupies rich deciduous forest habitats such as rich woods, wooded bottomlands, limestone outcrops, and rocky banks and bluffs. [6]

Ecology

Cardamine concatenata blooms from February to May. [10] It serves as a host plant for the imperiled butterfly Pieris virginiensis . [15]

Conservation

The global conservation status of Cardamine concatenata is secure (G5). [1]

Uses

The roots can be washed, chopped and ground in vinegar to be used as a horseradish substitute. [7] According to Hussey (1974), "the Indians ate the pungent root." [16]

References

  1. 1 2 "Cardamine concatenata". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Cardamine concatenata(Michx.) O.Schwarz". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 "Cardamine concatenata(Michx.) O.Schwarz". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  4. "Plants Profile for Cardamine concatenata (cutleaf toothwort)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  5. 1 2 3 Sweeney & Price (2001), p. 82.
  6. 1 2 "Cardamine concatenata". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  7. 1 2 Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 81. ISBN   978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC   244766414.
  8. "Dentaria concatenataMichx.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  9. Michaux (1803), p. 30.
  10. 1 2 Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Marhold, Karol; Lihová, Judita (2010). "Cardamine concatenata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 7. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 June 2023 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  11. "DentariaTourn. ex L.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  12. Sweeney & Price (2000), p. 476.
  13. Kartesz, John T. (2014). "Cardamine concatenata". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  14. Kartesz, John T. (2014). "Cardamine concatenata". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  15. "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  16. Hussey, Jane Strickland (Jul–Sep 1974). "Some Useful Plants of Early New England". Economic Botany. 28 (3): 311–337. doi:10.1007/BF02861428. JSTOR   4253521. S2CID   12764441.

Bibliography