Cardamine concatenata | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Brassicales |
Family: | Brassicaceae |
Genus: | Cardamine |
Species: | C. concatenata |
Binomial name | |
Cardamine concatenata | |
Synonyms [3] | |
Homotypic Synonyms
Heterotypic Synonyms
|
Cardamine concatenata, the cutleaved toothwort, crow's toes, pepper root or purple-flowered toothwort, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a perennial woodland wildflower native to eastern North America. [4]
Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a distinctive group of species that includes Cardamine angustata , Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla , Cardamine dissecta , Cardamine incisa , and Cardamine maxima . Members of the alliance are morphologically similar, with an elongated fleshy rhizome and either ternate or palmately compound leaves. [5]
The vegetative parts of this plant, which can reach 20–40 cm, arise from a segmented rhizome. The leaves are on long petioles, deeply and palmately dissected into five segments with large "teeth" on the margins. The white to pinkish flowers are held above the foliage in a spike. Fruit is an elongated pod which can be up to 4 cm long. [6] [7]
Cardamine concatenata was first described as Dentaria concatenata by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803. [8] [9] Otto Karl Anton Schwarz placed Dentaria concatenataMichx. in genus Cardamine in 1939. [2] The name Cardamine concatenata(Michx.) O.Schwarz is widely used today. [3] [10]
Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a group of species that includes Cardamine angustata , Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla , Cardamine dissecta , Cardamine incisa , and Cardamine maxima . [5] Members of the alliance were previously placed in genus DentariaTourn. ex L., which is now considered to be a synonym for CardamineL. [11] The alliance is strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which is consistent with the strong morphological resemblance among the species. [12]
Cardamine concatenata, like all members of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, is native to eastern North America. It has the widest distribution of any member of the alliance, with a range that extends north to Québec and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas, and west to Kansas and Oklahoma. [5] It is known to occur in the following provinces and states: [3] [13]
In the eastern United States where the distribution of Cardamine concatenata is widespread, it occurs in most of the counties of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. [14] It occupies rich deciduous forest habitats such as rich woods, wooded bottomlands, limestone outcrops, and rocky banks and bluffs. [6]
Cardamine concatenata blooms from February to May. [10] It serves as a host plant for the imperiled butterfly Pieris virginiensis . [15]
The global conservation status of Cardamine concatenata is secure (G5). [1]
The roots can be washed, chopped and ground in vinegar to be used as a horseradish substitute. [7] According to Hussey (1974), "the Indians ate the pungent root." [16]
Trillium erectum, the red trillium, also known as wake robin, purple trillium, bethroot, or stinking benjamin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. The plant takes its common name "wake robin" by analogy with the European robin, which has a red breast heralding spring. Likewise Trillium erectum is a spring ephemeral plant whose life-cycle is synchronized with that of the forests in which it lives. It is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada from northern Georgia to Quebec and New Brunswick.
Cardamine is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials. Species in this genus can be found in diverse habitats worldwide, except the Antarctic. The name Cardamine is derived from the Greek kardaminē, water cress, from kardamon, pepper grass.
Eriophorum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cyperaceae, the sedge family. They are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.
Tiarella cordifolia, the heart-leaved foamflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. The specific name cordifolia means "with heart-shaped leaves", a characteristic shared by all taxa of Tiarella in eastern North America. It is also referred to as Allegheny foamflower, false miterwort, and coolwort.
Cardamine diphylla is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a spring flowering woodland plant that is native to eastern North America.
Artemisia campestris is a common and widespread species of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. It is native to a wide region of Eurasia and North America. Common names include field wormwood, beach wormwood, northern wormwood, Breckland wormwood, boreal wormwood, Canadian wormwood, field sagewort and field mugwort.
Trillium pusillum is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae known by the common names dwarf trillium, least trillium and dwarf wakerobin. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Oklahoma to Maryland.
Clintonia umbellulata, commonly known as white clintonia or speckled wood-lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet umbellulata means "umbelled," which refers to the shape of the plant’s inflorescence.
Cardamine angustata is a perennial forb native to the eastern United States, that produces white to pink or purple flowers in early spring.
Symphyotrichum subulatum, commonly known as eastern annual saltmarsh aster or, in Britain and Ireland where it is naturalized, annual saltmarsh aster, is an annual plant in the family Asteraceae native to the eastern United States and the Gulf Coast to Texas. The species grows primarily in coastal salt marshes, although in the Ozarks it occurs as a non-marine weedy variety.
Desmodium glabellum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States. It is commonly called Dillenius' tick-trefoil in honor of Johann Dillenius, a British botanist of German birth. It is also known as the tall tick-trefoil.
Hypericum frondosum, the cedarglade St. Johnswort or golden St. John's wort, is a species of flowering plant in the St. John's wort family, Hypericaceae. It is native to the central and southeastern United States in dry, rocky habitats.
Selenia aurea, the golden selenia, is a flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is endemic to the southern United States where it grows in sunny prairies, barrens, and glades of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. It flowers between March and May.
Pyrularia is a small genus of shrubs or small trees in the sandalwood family (Santalaceae) which contains two species, Pyrularia pubera and Pyrularia edulis. P. pubera grows in the eastern United States and P. edulis grows in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. Both species are parasitic plants, specifically hemiparasites, which while still photosynthetic, will also parasitize the roots of other plants around them.
Tiarella stolonifera is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. The specific name stolonifera means "spreading by stolons", an important characteristic of this species. Known as the creeping foamflower, it has the widest range of any species of Tiarella in eastern North America.
Cardamine maxima is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae.
Cardamine dissecta is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae.
Cardamine incisa is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae.
Cardamine enneaphyllos, the nine-leaved toothwort, nine-leaved coralwort, or drooping bittercress, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to east-central Europe, and on into Italy and the Balkans. A spreading rhizomatous geophyte, it prefers shady situations.