Carl Gershman (born July 20,1943)[1] served from 1984 to 2021 as the founding president of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED),a private,congressionally-funded,grant-making institution that supports non-governmental groups working for democracy around the world. During his presidency,NED's annual congressional appropriation grew from $18.5 million in 1984 to $300 million a year in 2021,when it funded nearly 2,000 projects in 100 countries.[2][3][4][5]
From 1969 to 1974,Gershman served as director of research,co-chairman,and executive director of the Youth Committee for Peace in the Middle East,[1] where he also edited the organization's magazine Crossroads.[6] In 1972,he served on the governing council of the American Jewish Committee.[6]
In 1972,Gershman and Irving Howe edited a collection,Israel,the Arabs and the Middle East.[1][9] Gershman also served on the editorial board of Dissent magazine,[6] which was edited by Howe.[9]
Social Democrats USA
In a 2006 interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation,Gershman said,"I have to confess that,in my early youth,I was a kind of a socialdemocrat of sorts;I'm now really a democrat;I'm non-partisan."[7] From 1970–1974,Carl Gershman was a national leader of the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL),the youth section of the Socialist Party of America;he served as Vice Chairman,Co-Chairman,and then Chairman of YPSL.[1][6][10]
As YPSL's vice chairman in December 1972,he authored a 13-page,singly spaced,international-affairs document which called for the Castro regime in Cuba to stop funding guerrilla movements and to begin "loosening the bonds" of repression;the document was approved and an alternative document calling for the U.S. government to recognize Cuba's government was defeated.[10] YPSL criticized the "new politics" led by George McGovern,[11] which had lost 49 of 50 states to Richard Nixon in the 1972 election.
At the Socialist Party USA convention in December 1972,Gershman introduced the international program,which was approved by a two to one vote;the losing alternative,proposed by Michael Harrington,called for an immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam,while the majority resolution called for a negotiated peace settlement.[12][13] At the convention,the Socialist Party changed its name to Social Democrats USA (SDUSA) by a vote of 73 to 34.[14] Harrington resigned from SDUSA and founded the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC) in 1973. In 1975,Gershman published a monograph on the foreign policy of the American labor movement.[2][15]
From 1975 to January 1980,Gershman served as executive director of SDUSA.[1] In 1980,he debated Michael Harrington on the topic of foreign policy.[16]
In 1984,Gershman was appointed president of the National Endowment for Democracy.[2] In a 2006 interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation,Gershman said
"I'm non-partisan;I try to bring Democrats and Republicans together in the United States,which is not that easy because we're very divided politically,today. And also,people from the businesscommunity and the tradeunion movement and intellectuals,and so forth,and try and bring people together around a common democratic faithandphilosophy."[7]
In a 1982 speech at the Palace of Westminster,PresidentRonald Reagan proposed an initiative "to foster the infrastructure of democracy--the system of a free press,unions,political parties,universities." The U.S. government,through USAID,contracted the American Political Foundation to study democracy promotion,which came to be known as "The Democracy Program." The program recommended the creation of a bipartisan,private,non-profit corporation to be known as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). Under the program,NED,while non-governmental,would be funded primarily through annual appropriations from the U.S. government and subject to congressional oversight.[19]
NED was established the following year,in 1983,by an Act of Congress. The House Foreign Affairs Committee proposed legislation to provide initial funding of $31.3 million for NED as part of the State Department Authorization Act (H.R. 2915). Included in the legislation was $13.8 million for the Free Trade Union Institute,an affiliate of the AFL-CIO,much of which went to support Solidarity),a Polish labor union,$2.5 million for an affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce,and $5 million each for two party institutes. The conference report on H.R. 2915 was adopted by the House on November 17,1983 and by the U.S. Senate the following day. On November 18,1983,articles of incorporation were filed in Washington,D.C. to establish the National Endowment for Democracy as a nonprofit organization.[19]
On August 10,2020,Gershman,along with 10 other U.S. individuals,was sanctioned by the Chinese government for "behaving badly on Hong Kong-related issues".[21]
In 2021,Gershman was the subject of a hoax by Russian comedians Vladimir Kuznetsov and Alexey Stolyarov,who convinced Gershman and other NED officials they were speaking remotely to Svetlana Tikhanovskaya,the Belarusian opposition leader,and an aide. Gersham said the NED "support many,many groups and we have a very,very active program throughout the country",and NED had contact with the chief aide to Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny.[22]
Gershman retired as president of NED in summer 2021.[3]
Gershman, Carl (1979). Selling them the rope: Business and the Soviets. SD papers. Vol.6. New York: Social Democrats, USA. Reprinted from Commentary (April 1979).
Gershman, Carl (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. 18 (1). New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer): 9–15. doi:10.1007/BF02694835. ISSN0147-2011. S2CID189883991.
1 2 Plattner, Marc (October 2021). "Carl Gershman and the Struggle for Democracy". Journal of Democracy. 32 (4): 5–10. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0048.
↑ "2021 Annual Report". National Endowment for Democracy. January 19, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Conference on World Affairs, University of Colorado (March 29 – April 2, 1971), Who is who: 24th annual Conference on World Affairs(PDF), Boulder, Colorado: Prosopography Archive, Conference on World Affairs Archives at Norlin Library, University of Colorado, p.1, archived from the original(PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved August 19, 2011
↑ Social Democrats, USA (December 1972) [copyright1973]. The American challenge: A social-democratic program for the seventies. NewYork: S.D.U.S.A. and YPSL. "The following program was adopted at the Social Democrats,U.S.A. and Young People's Socialist League conventions at the end of December, 1972."
↑ Gershman, Carl (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. 18 (1). New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer): 9–15. doi:10.1007/BF02694835. ISSN0147-2011. S2CID189883991. Harrington, Michael (November 3, 1980). "Nuclear threat (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. 18 (1). New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer): 16–21. doi:10.1007/BF02694836. ISSN0147-2011. S2CID189885851.
Gershman, Carl (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. 18 (1). New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer): 9–15. doi:10.1007/BF02694835. ISSN0147-2011. S2CID189883991.
Reed, Dale (1999), Register of the Carl Gershman Papers(PDF), Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, archived from the original(PDF) on August 7, 2011, retrieved August 13, 2011
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