Cello (web browser)

Last updated

Cello WWW Browser
Original author(s) Thomas R. Bruce
Developer(s) Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School
Initial release8 June 1993;30 years ago (1993-06-08) [1]
Final release
1.01a / 16 April 1994;29 years ago (1994-04-16)
Written in C++, [2] makes "heavy use of Borland Object Windows libraries" [3]
Operating system Windows 3.1 / 3.11, OS/2, [4] Windows NT 3.5 [5] [6]
Size 325 kb
Available in English
Type Web browser
License Shareware/Proprietary
Website www.law.cornell.edu/cello/ at the Wayback Machine (archived 4 February 2005)

Cello is an early, discontinued graphical web browser for Windows 3.1; it was developed by Thomas R. Bruce of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. It was released as shareware in 1993. [7] [8] While other browsers ran on various Unix machines, Cello was the first web browser for Microsoft Windows, using the winsock system to access the Internet. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] In addition to the basic Windows, Cello worked on Windows NT 3.5 [5] [6] and with small modifications on OS/2. [15] [16]

Contents

Cello was created because of a demand for Web access by lawyers, who were more likely to use Microsoft Windows than the Unix operating systems supporting earlier Web browsers, including the first release of Mosaic. The lack of a Windows browser meant many legal experts were unable to access legal information made available in hypertext on the World Wide Web. [9] [17] Cello was popular during 1993/1994, but fell out of favor following the release of Mosaic for Windows and Netscape, after which Cello development was abandoned. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [A 1] [24]

Cello was first publicly released on 8 June 1993. [1] A version 2.0 was announced, but development was abandoned. Version 1.01a, 16 April 1994, was the last public release. [25] [26] Since then, the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School has licensed the Cello 2.0 source code, which has been used to develop commercial software. [26] [27] [28]

The browser is no longer available from its original homepage. [A 2] However, it can still be downloaded from mirror sites. [A 3]

Development and history

The icon prior to version 1 Cello old.gif
The icon prior to version 1

The development of Cello started in 1992, with beta versions planned for June 1993 and a release for July 1993. [29] [30] [31] It was publicly announced on 12 April 1993. [32]

The Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School created the first law site on the Internet in 1992 and the first legal website in 1993. However, at the time, there were no web browsers for the Microsoft Windows operating system, which was used by most lawyers. Thus, to allow lawyers to use their website, the Legal Information Institute developed the first Windows-based Web browser. [33] [34] [35] This was made possible by a grant from the National Center for Automated Information Research. [A 4]

Although other browsers at the time were based on CERN's WWW libraries called libwww, PCs of the time were not powerful enough to run the UNIX-oriented code. [31] As a result, Thomas Bruce had to rewrite most of the WWW libraries to work on Microsoft Windows. [31] Unlike most commercial browsers at that time, Cello used none of Mosaic's source code and thus had a different look and feel. [36] [37]

Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows division at Microsoft wrote in a June 1994 email: We do not currently plan on any other client software [in the upcoming release of Windows 95], especially something like Mosaic or Cello. [38] [39] [40] [41] Nevertheless, on 11 January 1995, Microsoft announced that it had licensed the Mosaic technology from Spyglass, which it would use to create Internet Explorer. [41] On 15 August 1995, Microsoft debuted its own web browser Internet Explorer 1 for Windows 95. While it did not ship with the original release of Windows 95, it shipped with Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95.

Usage

When released in 1993, Cello was the only browser for the Microsoft Windows platform. Shortly after launch, Cello was being downloaded at a rate of 500 copies per day. [42] As such, it achieved a fair amount of use and recognition within the legal community, including a number of PC users with between 150,000 and 200,000 users. [31] In 1994, most websites were visited using either the Cello browser or the Mosaic browser. [43] Despite having fewer features than Mosaic, Cello continued to be used due to its simpler interface and lower system requirements. [44] Cello was praised for being easy to install, because it wasn't necessary to install Win32s or a TCP/IP stack for Windows 3.1. [45] Following the release of Windows 95, which offered a much better TCP/IP interface, Cello fell into disuse and was abandoned. [43] [46]

By 1995, Cello, like the Mosaic browser, was overshadowed by two newer browsers — Netscape and Internet Explorer — and fell into disuse. [47] [48] By 1999, Cello was considered to be a "historical" browser. [49] [50]

Cello is considered to be one of the early casualties of the first browser wars. [51]

Features

Cello had the following features: [52]

Unlike Mosaic, Cello did not have toolbar buttons,[ dubious – discuss ] [58] [59] and instead commands were accessed through pull-down menus. [36]

Supported Protocols

Cello supported the following protocols: HTTP 1.0, Gopher (but not Gopher+), read-only FTP, [60] SMTP mailing, Telnet, [61] Usenet, [62] CSO/ph/qi directly [63] and WAIS, HyTelnet, TechInfo, Archie, X.500, TN3270 and a number of others through public gateways. [8] [42] [54] [61] [64] [65]

Supported FTP servers

Cello supported the following FTP servers: most Unix servers (including SunOS, System V, and Linux), IBM VM, VMS systems, Windows NT, QVTNet, NCSA/CUTCP/Rutgers PC servers, FTP Software PC server, HellSoft NLM for Novell. [53] [60]

Internet Connection

Cello works best with a direct Ethernet connection, but it also supports SLIP and PPP dialup connections through the use of asynchronous sockets. [8] Cello has an integrated TCP/IP runtime stack. [45]

Release history

The following versions were released: [1]

16-bit Cello Releases
VersionDate [66] Development cycleExe size [67] (in kb)DownloadNotes
0.1 [68] 8 June 1993Beta347 evolt Requires Distinct [69] [70] to run
0.2 [68] [71] 14 June 1993Beta ? ? Changelog
0.3 [68] [72] 16 June 1993Beta ? ? Changelog
0.4 [68] [73] 18 June 1993Beta ? ? Changelog
0.5 [68] [74] 24 June 1993Beta ? ? Changelog
0.6 [68] [75] 30 June 1993Beta ? ? Changelog
WINSOCK alpha r36 September 1993Alpha374 Double click to visit link, right click to show url. Browser request contain only a GET line. [76] Doesn't support redirections
WINSOCK alpha r614 October 1993Alpha362 (cello-ws.zip)Browser request contain only a GET line. [77] Doesn't support redirections
0.8 [54] 5 November 1993Beta—— Changelog (Distinct version discontinued)
0.9 [A 5] 12 November 1993Beta-pre ? ?
0.9 [A 6] 16 November 1993Beta487 Changelog. GET requests use presently invalid protocol version. [78] Redirections are supported. [79] Crashes on pages with unsupported image files [80]
0.9 [A 7] 22 November 1993WINSOCK alpha r9.2494 Issues from 0.9 beta still present.

New issue: in img tag, src must be the last attribute [81]

1.0 [53] 17 February 1994Release ? evolt
1.01 ?Release ? ?
1.01a [82] 17 March 1994release521 [62] , evolt
Cello's splash screen. Note that the image is not that of a cello, but rather a viola da gamba, its aristocratic predecessor Cello splash.png
Cello's splash screen. Note that the image is not that of a cello, but rather a viola da gamba, its aristocratic predecessor
Changelog
2.0—Alpha——
A screenshot of Cello 2.0 in development. Cello 2.0 (screenshot).gif
A screenshot of Cello 2.0 in development.
development ceased, first version to support HTML forms [83] [53]

Although Cello 2.0 had been announced, development ceased before a public release. [26]

IBM released a fix for their TCP/IP V2.0 stack so that Cello would work with OS/2 WinOS/2 on 9 February 1994. [84]

Browser comparison table

The following table shows how Cello compared to browsers of its time.

Comparison of Web Browsers
BrowserCelloNCSA X-Mosaic NCSA Mosaic Netscape Navigator Spyglass Mosaic AIR Mosaic InternetWorks Win-Tapestry IBM WebExplorer
Operating SystemWin UNIX WinWinWinWinWinWinOS/2
Version12.42.0 alpha 311.023.06Beta 41.670.91
proxyNoYesNoYesPartialYesYesPartialPartial
extended htmlNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo
Performance
multithreadingNoNoNoYesNoNoYesYesNo
dynamic linkingNoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoNo
deferred imageNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNo
multi-paneNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNo
multi-windowNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNo
Configurability
kiosk modeNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoYes
external playersYesNoNoYesNoNoYesYesYes
Integration
d&d to clipboardNoNoNoNoNoYesNoYesNo
spawnable playersNoPartialPartialYesPartialYesYesPartialYes
search engine(Find)YesNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo
Navigation
hotlistNoYesYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
bookmarkYesNoNoYesNoNoNoYesNo
foldersYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesNo
categories (tags)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNo
menu/button barNoNoYesNoNoYesNoNoNo
importYesNoNoYesNoYesNoYesNo
exportYesNoNoYesYesYesNoNoNo
annotationNoYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNo
auto time stampNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo
Source: Berghel, Hal (1996). "The client's side of the World-Wide Web". Communications of the ACM. 39 (1): 30–40. doi: 10.1145/234173.234177 . ISSN   0001-0782. S2CID   2003788.

Derivatives

Technical

While originally Cello required the Distinct Corporation's TCP/IP stack, with the release of Cello Beta Version .8, Cello dropped support for Distinct, and became exclusively Winsock-based. [54] [90]

Originally, although Cello could run on OS/2, OS/2's implementation of Winsock had bugs that prevented Cello from accessing the Internet. [61] The bug, APAR #PN52335, was later fixed allowing Cello to properly work on OS/2. [61] [84]

The user agent for Cello is LII-Cello/<version> libwww/2.5. [91]

DDE support

Cello featured Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) support. OLE support and DDE client support were planned, but never released. [61]

An example of how to invoke Cello from a Microsoft Word macro:

SubMAINChanNum=DDEInitiate("Cello","URL")DDEExecute(ChanNum,"http://www.law.cornell.edu")DDETerminate(ChanNum)EndSub

System requirements

Cello has the following system requirements: [8] [92] [93]

Criticism

Cello was not very stable and its development halted early. [62]

Cello did not render graphics well and required that the user reload the webpage when resizing the window. Like most browsers at the time, Cello also did not support any web security protocols. [37] It was also said that Cello rendered html "crudely" and pages would appear jaggedly. [36] [37] [95]

Cello also had sub-par performance in accessing the Internet and processing hypermedia documents. [36] [95]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ You can view yahoo browser statistics at https://web.archive.org/web/20021204042351/http://www.cen.uiuc.edu/~ejk/bryl/ which show Cello being used.
  2. ↑ The original cello site at https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellotop.html is no longer up. The original ftp site at ftp://ftp.law.cornell.edu/pub/LII/Cello%5B%5D is no longer up. The original gopher server at gopher.law.cornell.edu:70/11/listservs/cellol/ is no longer up.
  3. ↑ Cello can still be downloaded at https://browsers.evolt.org/browsers/archive/cello .
  4. ↑ This can be seen in the "About Cello" dialog in Cello. It is also stated in the "Notices, Acknowledgments, Disclaimers" section of the included .hlp file in Cello.
  5. ↑ Given in the "about Cello" - windows in Cello .9 beta
  6. ↑ Given in the "README.1ST" of Cello
  7. ↑ Given in the "DEFAULT.HTML" of Cello .9

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Explorer</span> Web browser series by Microsoft

Internet Explorer is a retired series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft that were used in the Windows line of operating systems. While IE has been discontinued on most Windows editions, it remains supported on certain editions of Windows, such as Windows 10 LTSB/LTSC. Starting in 1995, it was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads or in-service packs and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s, with over 1,000 people involved in the project by 1999. New feature development for the browser was discontinued in 2016 and ended support on June 15, 2022 for Windows 10 Semi-Annual Channel (SAC), in favor of its successor, Microsoft Edge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netscape Navigator</span> Web browser by Netscape released in 1994

Netscape Navigator is a discontinued proprietary web browser, and the original browser of the Netscape line, from versions 1 to 4.08, and 9.x. It was the flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corp and was the dominant web browser in terms of usage share in the 1990s, but by around 2003 its user base had all but disappeared. This was partly because the Netscape Corporation did not sustain Netscape Navigator's technical innovation in the late 1990s.

Netscape Communications Corporation was an American independent computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California, and then Dulles, Virginia. Its Netscape web browser was once dominant but lost to Internet Explorer and other competitors in the so-called first browser war, with its market share falling from more than 90 percent in the mid-1990s to less than one percent in 2006. An early Netscape employee Brendan Eich created the JavaScript programming language, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages and a founding engineer of Netscape Lou Montulli created HTTP cookies. The company also developed SSL which was used for securing online communications before its successor TLS took over.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Web browser</span> Software used to navigate the internet

A web browser is an application for accessing websites. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's screen. Browsers are used on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. In 2020, an estimated 4.9 billion people have used a browser. The most-used browser is Google Chrome, with a 64% global market share on all devices, followed by Safari with 19%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosaic (web browser)</span> Early web browser (1993–1997)

NCSA Mosaic is a discontinued web browser, and one of the first to be widely available. It was instrumental in popularizing the World Wide Web and the general Internet by integrating multimedia such as text and graphics. It was named for its support of multiple Internet protocols, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol, File Transfer Protocol, Network News Transfer Protocol, and Gopher. Its intuitive interface, reliability, personal computer support, and simple installation all contributed to its popularity within the web. Mosaic is the first browser to display images inline with text instead of in a separate window. It is often described as the first graphical web browser, though it was preceded by WorldWideWeb, the lesser-known Erwise, and ViolaWWW.

In computing, the Windows Sockets API (WSA), later shortened to Winsock, is an application programming interface (API) that defines how Windows network application software should access network services, especially TCP/IP. It defines a standard interface between a Windows TCP/IP client application and the underlying TCP/IP protocol stack. The nomenclature is based on the Berkeley sockets API used in BSD for communications between programs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Browser wars</span> Competition between web browsing applications for share of worldwide usage

A browser war is a competition for dominance in the usage share of web browsers. The "first browser war," (1995–2001) consisted of Internet Explorer and Navigator. Browser wars continued with the decline of Internet Explorer's market share and the popularity of other browsers, including Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, Microsoft Edge and Opera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ViolaWWW</span> Popular web browser in the early 1990s

ViolaWWW is a discontinued web browser, the first to support scripting and stylesheets for the World Wide Web (WWW). It was first released in 1991/1992 for Unix and acted as the recommended browser at CERN, where the WWW was invented, but eventually lost its position as most frequently used browser to Mosaic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows NT 3.5</span> Second major release of Windows NT, released in 1994

Windows NT 3.5 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft and oriented towards businesses. It was released on September 21, 1994, as the successor to Windows NT 3.1 and the predecessor to Windows NT 3.51.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SlipKnot (web browser)</span>

SlipKnot was one of the earliest World Wide Web browsers, available to Microsoft Windows users between November 1994 and January 1998. It was created by Peter Brooks of MicroMind, Inc. to provide a fully graphical view of the web for users without a SLIP or other TCP/IP connection to the net, hence the name – SLIP...not. SlipKnot provided a graphical web experience through what would otherwise be a text-only Unix shell account. SlipKnot version 1.0 was released on November 22, 1994, approximately 3 weeks before Netscape's Netscape Navigator version 1.0 came out. It was designed to serve a significant fraction of PC/Windows-based Internet users who could not use Mosaic or Netscape at that time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal Information Institute</span> Non-profit free legal information service at Cornell Law School

The Legal Information Institute (LII) is a non-profit public service of Cornell Law School that provides no-cost access to current American and international legal research sources online. Founded in 1992 by Peter Martin and Tom Bruce, LII was the first law site developed on the internet. LII electronically publishes on the Web the U.S. Code, U.S. Supreme Court opinions, Uniform Commercial Code, the US Code of Federal Regulations, several Federal Rules, and a variety of other American primary law materials. LII also provides access to other national and international sources, such as treaties and United Nations materials. According to its website, the LII serves over 40 million unique visitors per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the World Wide Web</span> Information system running in the Internet

The World Wide Web is a global information medium that users can access via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as email and Usenet do. The history of the Internet and the history of hypertext date back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.

In the context of the World Wide Web, a bookmark is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that is stored for later retrieval in any of various storage formats. All modern web browsers include bookmark features. Bookmarks are called favorites or Internet shortcuts in Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, and by virtue of that browser's large market share, these terms have been synonymous with bookmark since the First Browser War. Bookmarks are normally accessed through a menu in the user's web browser, and folders are commonly used for organization. In addition to bookmarking methods within most browsers, many external applications offer bookmarks management.

IBox was one of the first commercially available Internet connection software packages available for sale to the public. O'Reilly & Associates created and produced the package, in collaboration with Spry, Inc. Spry, Inc. also started up a commercial Internet service provider (ISP) called InterServ.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacWWW</span>

MacWWW, also known as Samba, is an early minimalist web browser from 1992 meant to run on Macintosh computers. It was the first web browser for the classic Mac OS platform, and the first for any non-Unix operating system. MacWWW tries to emulate the design of WorldWideWeb. Unlike modern browsers it opens each link in a new window only after a double-click. It was a commercial product from CERN and cost 50 European Currency Units

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. It further provides for the capture or input of information which may be returned to the presenting system, then stored or processed as necessary. The method of accessing a particular page or content is achieved by entering its address, known as a Uniform Resource Identifier or URI. This may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.

Thomas R. "Tom" Bruce is an American academic and former software engineer who co-founded the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School with Peter Martin in 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UdiWWW</span>

UdiWWW is an early, now discontinued freeware graphical HTML 3.2 web browser for 16-bit and 32-bit Microsoft Windows. It was written and developed by Bernd Richter in C/C++ from 1995 to 1996. Following the release of version 1.2 in April 1996, Richter ceased development, stating "let Microsoft with the ActiveX Development Kit do the rest."

Emissary was a popular early commercial internet suite from Attachmate for Windows. It featured a web browser, FTP support, e-mail program, a newsreader program, and an HTML editor.

tkWWW Web browser and editor

tkWWW is an early, now discontinued web browser and WYSIWYG HTML editor written by Joseph Wang at MIT as part of Project Athena and the Globewide Network Academy project. The browser was based on the Tcl language and the Tk (toolkit) extension but did not achieve broad user-acceptance or market share, although it was included in many Linux distributions by default. Joseph Wang wanted tkWWW to become a replacement for r r n and to become a "swiss army knife" of networked computing.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Brennan, Elaine (13 June 1993). "World Wibe Web Browser: Ms-Windows (Beta) (1/149)". Humanist Archives Vol. 7. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  2. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (12 April 1993). "Plans for cello MS-Windows client". Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  3. ↑ "Internals". World Wide Web Consortium . 1993. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  4. ↑ Zimmerman, Scott; Evans, Tim (1996). "Chapter 1: Understanding Web Technologies". Building an Intranet with Windows Nt 4. Sams.net. ISBN   978-1-57521-205-0 . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 "NT and NTAS INTERNET SLIP/PPP CONNECTIVITY FAQ". University Duisburg-Essen. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 Christopher, Klaus (28 December 2003) [4 August 1997]. "Newbie Security Questions". Antionline Forums. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  7. ↑ Sendall, Mike (29 March 1995). "World Wide Web Clients". W3C . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Cello Internet Browser". Cornell Law School. 9 April 1994. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  9. 1 2 Lilly, Paul (19 August 2009). "Surfing Since 1991: The Evolution of Web Browsers". MaximumPC. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  10. ↑ Kelly, Brian. "3 World-Wide Web Browsers". Running a WWW service. Computing Service, University of Leeds . Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  11. ↑ "The Legal Information Institute - A Quick Overview". Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  12. ↑ Ron, Gustavson (August 1996). "Browsing at large". CD-ROM Professional. 9 (8): 38, 3p. ISSN   1049-0833.
  13. ↑ Notess, Greg R. (March–April 1995). "COMPARING WEB BROWSERS: MOSAIC, CELLO, NETSCAPE, WINWEB AND INTERNETWORKS LITE". Online. 19 (2). Academic Search Premier: 36, 4p. ISSN   0146-5422.
  14. ↑ Garmon, Jay (15 April 2008). "Geek Trivia: Clear browser history". Geekend. TechRepublic. p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  15. 1 2 "Metropoli BBS files - /software/OS2/NETWORKS/". files.mpoli.fi. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  16. 1 2 Randall, Neil (1994). Teach yourself the Internet: around the world in 21 days . Sams. pp.  211–212. ISBN   978-0-672-30519-1 . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  17. ↑ "Web Browser History". Living Internet. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  18. ↑ Tobias, Daniel R. (23 December 2009). ""Brand-X" Browsers -- Alphabetical List: A-G". Dan's Web Tips. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  19. ↑ "A Future of Browsers". 2010. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  20. ↑ Canter, Laurence A.; Siegel, Martha S. (27 October 1994). How to make a fortune on the information superhighway: everyone's guerrilla guide to marketing on the Internet and other on-line services. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-06-270131-2 . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  21. ↑ Symoens, Jeffrey (June 1995). "Windows Web browsers". PC World (13): 125. ISSN   0737-8939.
  22. ↑ Davis, Phili (1 June 1996). "Mosaic Quick Tour for Mac". Reviews. Ventana Press.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)(subscription required)
  23. ↑ Gay, Martin (1 June 2000). Recent advances and issues in computers. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-57356-227-0 . Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  24. ↑ Hastings, Bryan; Johnson, Amy Helen (August 1996). "Best web browser". PC World . Vol. 14, no. 8. MasterFILE Premier. pp. 136, 7p. ISSN   0737-8939.
  25. 1 2 3 "Communicating with the LII". Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  26. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R.; Martin, Peter W. (May 1996). "The Legal Information Institute - 1995-96 Activities and Future Plans". Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  27. ↑ "Did you know?". LII Announce. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  28. ↑ "May World-Wide Web News". World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  29. ↑ Sheppard, Steve (April 2007). The history of legal education in the United States: commentaries and primary sources. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 1186. ISBN   978-1-58477-690-1 . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "WEB HISTORY DAY: PIONEERING SOFTWARE AND SITES". The World Wide Web History Project . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  31. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (12 April 1993). "Plans for cello MS-Windows client" . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  32. ↑ Ambrogi, Robert J. (1 June 2004). "Chapter 3: The Best (and Worst) Legal Sites on the Web" (PDF). The essential guide to the best (and worst) legal sites on the Web. ALM Publishing. p. 22. ISBN   978-1-58852-117-0 . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  33. ↑ Okin, J. R. (30 September 2005). The information revolution: the not-for-dummies guide to the history, technology, and use of the World Wide Web . Ironbound Press. p.  95. ISBN   978-0-9763857-3-8 . Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  34. ↑ Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). Milestones in computer science and information technology . Greenwood Publishing Group. p.  33. ISBN   978-1-57356-521-9 . Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Pak, Sean Sang-Chul (1996). Scheme for identifying and describing behavioral innovations embodied in computer programs (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/40608.
  36. 1 2 3 Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (September 1995). Inside the World Wide Web. New Riders. pp. 186–187. ISBN   978-1-56205-412-0 . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  37. ↑ "U.S. v. Microsoft: Proposed Findings of Fact". Civil Action No. 98-1232 (TPJ). US DOJ. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  38. ↑ Goodin, Dan (20 November 1997). "Justice counters MS claims". CNET News. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  39. ↑ Lohr, Steve (5 November 1998). "Browser Memos Pose Challenge To Microsoft". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  40. 1 2 Scoblionkov, Deborah (7 August 1998). "Justice: MS Floating 'Old Ideas'". Wired. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  41. 1 2 Gillies, James; Cailliau, R. (1 September 2000). How the Web was born: the story of the World Wide Web . Oxford University Press. p.  235. ISBN   978-0-19-286207-5 . Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  42. 1 2 Kasser, Barbara (2000). Practical Internet. New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers. p.  19. ISBN   978-0-7897-2226-3.
  43. ↑ "Winsock Client Software Reviews". Archived from the original on 20 December 1996. Retrieved 13 August 2017.. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
  44. 1 2 Wheeler, David A. (5 October 1996). "Information on How to Download Lovelace" . Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  45. ↑ IV, Louis (1999). Microsoft Windows Dna Exposed. New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers. p.  13. ISBN   978-0-672-31561-9.
  46. ↑ Berghel, Hal (1998). "Who won the Mosaic War?". Communications of the ACM. 41 (10): 13. doi: 10.1145/286238.286240 . S2CID   14458048.
  47. ↑ "Windows Sockets (Winsock) Apps - winter15.zip". cd.textfiles.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  48. ↑ Berghel, Hal (1999). "Digital village: the cost of having analog executives in a digital world". Communications of the ACM. 42 (11): 11. doi:10.1145/319382.319384. S2CID   16651522.
  49. ↑ Castells, Álvaro (1 November 2002). Internet dictionary: a comprehensive guide to the language of the Web. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 30. ISBN   978-0-7494-3667-4 . Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  50. ↑ Kent, Allen (29 June 1999). Encyclopedia of library and information science. CRC Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-0-8247-2064-3 . Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  51. ↑ Berghel, Hal (1996). "The client's side of the World-Wide Web". Communications of the ACM. 39: 30. doi: 10.1145/234173.234177 . S2CID   2003788.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Bruce, Thomas R. (17 February 1994). "Cello v1 released". University of California. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2010. Note: to view the original link, click on it, click the anti-spammer button, go back and refresh page
  53. 1 2 3 4 Bruce, Thomas R. (5 November 1993). "Cello Beta v.8 Released (longish)". WWW-Talk Han-March 1994. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  54. ↑ December, John; Randall, Neil (1994). The World Wide Web unleashed. Sams Publishing. p.  21. ISBN   1-57521-040-1.
  55. 1 2 Inc, I.D.G. Network World (27 June 1994). "Network World". Network World: The Leader in Network Knowledge. IDG Network World Inc: 19, 22, 24. ISSN   0887-7661 . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  56. ↑ Emslie, Mike (1994). "Setting up a World Wide Web Server". Computers in Higher Education Economics Review: Cheer. 8 (3). ISSN   1358-5363.
  57. ↑ Crowe, Elizabeth Powell (2001). Genealogy Online. Osborne/McGraw-Hill. p. 24. ISBN   9780072131147. Cello has exactly three buttons on the toolbar: Up (or Back in other browsers), Stop, and Home.
  58. ↑ Smith, Richard James; Gibbs, Mark; McFedries, Paul (1 January 1995). Navigating the Internet. Sams.net. p. 232. ISBN   9780672307188. The "toolbar" includes only three buttons (...)
  59. 1 2 Bruce, Thomas R. "FAQ for Cello". Part 1. Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on 7 December 2003. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 "FAQ For Cello (Part 2)". Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on 11 February 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  61. 1 2 3 Klaassen, Gerd (2001). "Das World Wide Web Museum - Programme" (in German). Fachhochschule Emden/Leer. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  62. ↑ "Internet Browser Resources for enjoying Golden Age Radio History". Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  63. ↑ "Histnews: The Electronic History Newsletter". Vol.1, No.6. 12 October 1993. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  64. ↑ Kressin, Mark (15 January 1997). The Internet and the World Wide Web: a time-saving guide for new users. Prentice Hall PTR. p. 115. ISBN   978-0-13-493743-4 . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  65. ↑ If no reference is given and dates differ across files, oldest date is taken.
  66. ↑ Size taken from uncompressed exe file properties. Zip file size not used, because it's changeable (depends on compression method or files inside zip).
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Allen, Nicholas (9 June 2008). "First Web Browser on Windows". Microsoft Developer Network . Microsoft . Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  68. ↑ Mirror ftp.w3.org/pc-binaries/windows
  69. ↑ "DIS.ZIP - Protocol Files for Cello.Zip". annex.retroarchive.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  70. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (14 June 1993). "Beta version .2 of Cello..." Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  71. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (16 June 1993). "Cello Beta 0.3 loose" . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  72. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (18 June 1993). "Cello beta 0.4 released" . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  73. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (24 June 1993). "Cello Beta 0.5 out" . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  74. ↑ "Cello Beta 0.6 released". ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca. 30 June 1993. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  75. ↑ GET url\x0a
  76. ↑ GET url\x0d\x0a
  77. ↑ GET url HTTP/V1.0 Fix: load exe file into hex editor (also available online, for example hexed.it). Search for string "HTTP/". Remove byte with letter "V", insert byte after string "User-Agent:" and set it to space. Save the file under new name.
  78. ↑ Browser hangs when "Location" header isn't an exact match (for example if its all in lowercase like on this redirect test page)
  79. ↑ Also crashes when image source doesn't contain an url with file extension. Supported images (information taken from exe file; both lowercase and uppercase file extensions): gif (not animated), bmp, pcx, xbm.
  80. ↑ If src attribute isn't last, Cello will treat everything after src= as image url (after removing all quotes), to the end of img tag.
  81. ↑ Bruce, Thomas R. (17 March 1994). "Cello v1.01a released" . Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  82. ↑ December, John (1995). The World Wide Web Unleashed. Sams.net. p. 265. ISBN   9780672307379.
  83. 1 2 "OS/2 Site - Upgrades - Patches". www.os2site.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  84. ↑ English, John (1999). "Building self-contained websites on CD-ROM". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin. 31 (3). New York, NY, USA: ACM: 159–162. doi: 10.1145/384267.305906 . ISSN   0097-8418.
  85. ↑ Teare, Keith (1996). "Internet software. Full internet suites: InterAp". The Easy Net Book. Keith Teare. p. 153. ISBN   9781850322528.
  86. ↑ "California Software Inc. -- InterAp". www.panix.com. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  87. ↑ You can still download latest bundle (with unmodified exe of Cello 1.01a) by manually replacing "lovelace.zip" with "lovecell.zip" in the http server link.
  88. 1 2 Wheeler, David A. (5 October 1996). "Information on How to Download Lovelace#On Installing a Web Browser". Ada Home . Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  89. ↑ Auug, Inc (December 1993). AUUGN. AUUG, Inc. p. 95. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  90. ↑ "HTTP Request fields". Protocols. W3C. 3 May 1994. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  91. ↑ Kottke, Jason (26 July 2005). "Cello is a graphical WWW browser like Mosaic" . Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  92. ↑ "PC WWW BROWSERS". PC Browsers. University of Toronto. 1 December 1995. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  93. ↑ "Useful Accessibility Resource Web Sites". Web Advisory Group (WAG). US Department of Commerce Office of the CIO. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  94. 1 2 Reichard, Kevin (20 December 1995). "Reviews - Cello". CNET . Archived from the original on 12 February 1997. Retrieved 15 June 2010.

Bibliography

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.