Chaco earthcreeper

Chaco earthcreeper
at Capivara, Santa Fe, Argentina
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Furnariidae
Genus:	Tarphonomus
Species:	T. certhioides
Binomial name
Tarphonomus certhioides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838)
Synonyms
Ochetorhynchus certhioides Upucerthia certhioides

The Chaco earthcreeper (Tarphonomus certhioides) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, and as a vagrant in Brazil. ^{[2] [3]}

Taxonomy and systematics

The Chaco earthcreeper has at times been placed in genera Ochetorhynchus and Upucerthia but since the early 2000s has been placed in its current Tarphonomus. ^[4] It has at times been considered conspecific with the other member of Tarphonomus, the Bolivian earthcreeper (T. harterti). The two of them are sisters to the rusty-winged barbtail (Premnornis guttuliger), and these three are in turn sisters to the tuftedcheeks of genus Pseudocolaptes . ^{[4] [2]}

The Chaco earthcreeper has three subspecies, the nominate T. c. certhoides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838), T. c. luscinia (Burmeister, 1860), and T. c. estebani (Wetmore & Peters, JL, 1949). ^[2]

Description

The Chaco earthcreeper is about 16 cm (6.3 in) long and weighs 18 to 31 g (0.63 to 1.09 oz). It is a small earthcreeper with a long and very slightly decurved bill. The sexes' plumages are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have an indistinct orange-rufous supercilium on a mostly dark brown face. Their forehead is dull orange-rufous, their crown and back dull dark brown, and their rump and uppertail coverts somewhat rufescent brown. Their tail is generally dull brown with progressively more rufous from the central to the outermost feathers. Their wings are slightly more rufous brown than the back with rufous bases on the flight feathers. Their throat and cheeks are white. Their breast and belly are brown and their flanks and undertail coverts rufescent. Their iris is brown, their maxilla blackish to dark gray, their mandible slate gray to pinkish gray, and their legs and feet blackish to dark gray. Juveniles have an overall rufous tinge but their forehead is less rufous than adults'. ^[5]

Subspecies T. c. luscinia has grayer (less rufescent) upperparts, more rufous on the wings, and paler underparts than the nominate. T. c. estebani has a paler back, a duller breast and belly, and no rufescent tinge on the flanks compared to the nominate. ^[5]

Distribution and habitat

Subspecies T. c. estebani of the Chaco earthcreeper is found in Santa Cruz Department in south central Bolivia, in northern Argentina, and in western Paraguay. T. c. luscinia is found in the western Argentina provinces of San Juan, La Rioja, Córdoba, Mendoza, and San Luis. The nominate T. c. certhoides is found in northeastern Argentina from Río Negro Province north to Formosa Province. It has also occurred once in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ^{[5] [6]}

Subspecies T. c. estebani and T. c. certhoides of the Chaco earthcreeper inhabit dense scrublands and deciduous woodland in the Chaco Basin, especially areas with terrestrial bromeliads. T. c. luscinia inhabits slopes with dense shrubs in the Andean foothills. In elevation the species occurs up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft). ^[5]

Behavior

Movement

The Chaco earthcreeper is a year-round resident throughout its range. ^[5]

Feeding

The Chaco earthcreeper feeds on arthropods. It usually forages alone, gleaning prey from the ground and possibly from low vegetation. ^[5]

Breeding

The Chaco earthcreeper breeds during the austral summer. It is thought to be monogamous. It builds a stick nest in a bush or tree, in a cavity in a tree, rock face, or old building, or in an old nest of a Furnarius hornero. It pads the floor of the nest with softer material such as hair, grass, and other plant fibers. The clutch size is three or four eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known. ^[5]

Songs and calls Listen to Chaco earthcreeper on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The Chaco earthcreeper's song is "a series of 5–15 loud, squeaky penetrating 'chiqui' notes that increase in intensity [and] descend in pitch". Its call is "a loud whistled 'tééoo' or 'tuéét' ". ^[5]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the Chaco earthcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. ^[1] It is considered fairly common in most of its range and occurs in at least one protected area. ^[5]

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22702023A93857886. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22702023A93857886.en . Retrieved 20 August 2023.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
4. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
5. Remsen, Jr., J. V. (2020). Chaco Earthcreeper (Tarphonomus certhioides), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.chaear1.01 retrieved August 20, 2023
6. Repenning, M., Chiarani, E., Pereira, M.S. and Fontana, C.S. (2012). First record of the Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides (Furnariidae) in Brazil. Rev. Bras. Orn. 20(4): 453–454.