Computational knowledge economy

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The computational knowledge economy is an economy 'where value is derived from the automated generation of knowledge.

Contents

The term was coined by Conrad Wolfram [1] to describe the extension to the knowledge economy caused by ubiquitous access to automated computation. Wolfram argues "The value- chain of knowledge is shifting. The question is not whether you have knowledge but know how to compute new knowledge from it, almost always applying computing power to help." [2]

Conrad Wolfram Information technologist and businessman

Conrad Wolfram is a British technologist and businessman known for his work in information technology and its application. In 2012, The Observer placed him at number 11 in its list of Britain's 50 New Radicals.

The knowledge economy is the use of knowledge to create goods and services. In particular, it refers to a high portion of skilled workers in the economy of a locality, country, or the world, and the idea that most jobs require specialized skills. In particular, the main personal capital of knowledge workers is knowledge, and many knowledge worker jobs require a lot of thinking and manipulating information as opposed to moving or crafting physical objects. It stands in contrast to an agrarian economy or an industrialized economy. Knowledge economy emphasizes the importance of skills in a service economy, the third phase of economic development, also called a post-industrial economy. It is related to the terms information economy, which emphasizes the importance of information as non-physical capital, and digital economy, which emphasize the degree to which information technology facilitates trade. For companies, intellectual property such as trade secrets, copyrighted material, and patented processes become more valuable in a knowledge economy than in earlier eras.

Impact on education

It has been argued [3] that the skills needed by the computational knowledge economy are radically different, needing an emphasis on coding, math and computational thinking. [4] In his book Education in the Creative Economy ISBN   978-1433107443 Daniel Araya has argued that "as this "computational knowledge economy expands and matures, it is facilitating deep structural changes in the U.S. labor force" [5]

International Standard Book Number Unique numeric book identifier

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.

Projects such as Computer-Based Math are attempting to rethink school curricula to prepare for the computational knowledge economy [6]

Computer-Based Math is an educational project started by Conrad Wolfram in 2010 to promote the idea that routine mathematical calculations should be done with a computer.

See also

Digital economy refers to an economy that is based on digital computing technologies, although we increasingly perceive this as conducting business through markets based on the internet and the World Wide Web. The digital economy is also sometimes called the Internet Economy, New Economy, or Web Economy. Increasingly, the digital economy is intertwined with the traditional economy, making a clear delineation harder.

Information economy is an economy with an increased emphasis on informational activities and information industry.

Smart city

A Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of things (IoT) sensors to collect data and then use these data to manage assets and resources efficiently. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, crime detection, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.

Related Research Articles

Computer science Study of the Theoretical Foundations of Information and Computation

Computer science is the study of processes that interact with data and that can be represented as data in the form of programs. It enables the use of algorithms to manipulate, store, and communicate digital information. A computer scientist studies the theory of computation and the practice of designing software systems.

Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes.

Expert system computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert

In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) software. An expert system is divided into two subsystems: the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging abilities.

Wolfram Mathematica computational software program

Wolfram Mathematica is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing - including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others. The system is used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica.

A computer algebra system (CAS) is any mathematical software with the ability to manipulate mathematical expressions in a way similar to the traditional manual computations of mathematicians and scientists. The development of the computer algebra systems in the second half of the 20th century is part of the discipline of "computer algebra" or "symbolic computation", which has spurred work in algorithms over mathematical objects such as polynomials.

<i>A New Kind of Science</i>

A New Kind of Science is a best-selling, controversial book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his own company in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science.

Wolfram Research company

Wolfram Research is a private company that creates computational technology. Wolfram's flagship product is the technical computing program Wolfram Mathematica, first released on June 23, 1988. Wolfram Research founder Stephen Wolfram is the CEO.

The expression computational intelligence (CI) usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation. Even though it is commonly considered a synonym of soft computing, there is still no commonly accepted definition of computational intelligence.

Mathematical software is software used to model, analyze or calculate numeric, symbolic or geometric data.

Human-based computation (HBC), human-assisted computation, ubiquitous human computing or distributed thinking is a computer science technique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans, usually as microwork. This approach uses differences in abilities and alternative costs between humans and computer agents to achieve symbiotic human–computer interaction.

The terms design computing and other relevant terms including design and computation and computational design refer to the study and practice of design activities through the application and development of novel ideas and techniques in computing. One of the early groups to coin this term was the Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition at the University of Sydney in Australia, which for nearly fifty years pioneered the research, teaching, and consulting of design and computational technologies. This group organised the academic conference series "Artificial Intelligence in Design (AID)" published by Springer during that period. AID was later renamed "Design Computing and Cognition (DCC)" and is currently a leading biannual conference in the field. Other notable groups in this area are the Design and Computation group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's School of Architecture + Planning and the Computational Design group at Georgia Tech.

In his book A New Kind of Science, Stephen Wolfram described a universal 2-state 5-symbol Turing machine, and conjectured that a particular 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine might be universal as well.

In education, computational thinking (CT) is a set of problem-solving methods that involve expressing problems and their solutions in ways that a computer could execute.. It involves the mental skills and practices for 1) designing computations that get computers to do jobs for us, and 2) explaining and interpreting the world as a complex of information processes. Those ideas range from basic CT for beginners to advanced CT for experts.

Scott Aaronson American scientist, working on the field of quantum computing

Scott Joel Aaronson is an American theoretical computer scientist and David J. Bruton Jr. Centennial Professor of Computer Science at the University of Texas at Austin. His primary areas of research are quantum computing and computational complexity theory.

Wolfram|Alpha is a computational knowledge engine or answer engine developed by Wolfram Alpha LLC, a subsidiary of Wolfram Research. It is an online service that answers factual queries directly by computing the answer from externally sourced "curated data", rather than providing a list of documents or web pages that might contain the answer as a search engine might.

This glossary of artificial intelligence terms is about artificial intelligence, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

Notebook interface

A notebook interface is a virtual notebook environment used for literate programming. It pairs the functionality of word processing software with both the shell and kernel of that notebook's programming language. Millions of people use notebooks interfaces to analyze data for science, journalism, and education.

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.

References

  1. ↑ Conrad Wolfram. "Driving towards the Computational Knowledge Economy" (PDF). Wolfram.com. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  2. ↑ Conrad Wolfram. "Thinking Forward". Ldm.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  3. ↑ Jacobs, Frank. "Reinventing Math for the Computational Knowledge Economy". Big Think. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  4. ↑ "Thinking Forward: Conrad Wolfram on the Computational Knowledge Economy". HASTAC. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  5. ↑ Daniel Araya (2016-01-11). "Education and underemployment in the age of machine intelligence | Brookings Institution". Brookings.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  6. ↑ "Fundamentally Reforming Maths Curriculum with Computer-Based Maths". Computerbasedmath.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
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