Conus imperialis

Conus imperialis
Five views of a shell of Conus imperialis Linné,1758
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Conoidea
Family:	Conidae
Genus:	Conus
Species:	C. imperialis
Binomial name
Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758 [2]
Synonyms [3]
Conus (Stephanoconus) imperialisLinnaeus, 1758 · accepted, alternate representation Conus compactusWils, 1970 Conus coronaducalisRöding, 1798 Conus dautzenbergiFenaux, 1942 Conus douvilleiFenaux, 1942 Conus flavescensBarros e Cunha, 1933 (invalid, junior homonym of Conus flavescensG. B. Sowerby I, 1834) Conus fuscatusBorn, 1778 Conus fuscatus dautzenbergiFenaux, 1942 Conus imperialis compactusWils, 1970 Conus imperialis flavescensBarros e Cunha, 1933 Conus imperialis nigrescensBarros e Cunha, 1933 Conus nigrescensBarros e Cunha, 1933 (invalid, junior homonym of Conus nigrescensG. B. Sowerby II, 1860 ) Conus regiusRöding, 1798 (invalid, junior homonym of Conus regiusGmelin, 1791) Conus viridulusLamarck, 1810 Cucullus coronaducalisRöding, 1798 Cucullus imperialisRöding, 1798 Cucullus regiusRöding, 1798 Rhombiconus imperialis viridulus (f) Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de, 1810

Conus imperialisLinnaeus, C., 1758

Conus imperialis, common name the imperial cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. ^[3]

Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of stinging humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

Subspecies

• Conus imperialis imperialisLinnaeus, 1758 (synonym: Rhombiconus imperialis imperialis(Linnaeus, C., 1758))
• Conus imperialis quekettiE. A. Smith, 1906 (synonyms: Conus quekettiE. A. Smith, 1906; Rhombiconus imperialis queketti(E. A. Smith, 1906) · accepted, alternate representation)

Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 40 mm and 110 mm. The color of the thick shell is yellowish white or cream, with numerous interrupted revolving lines and spots of dark brown and two irregular and wider light brown bands. In the synonym Conus fuscatus, the light brown coloring extends in clouds and irregular markings over the surface, so that the bands can scarcely be defined. ^[4] The shell has a flat but nodular spire and shoulders.

Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Aldabra, Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin and Mauritius; in the entire Pacific Ocean; off Australia (the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia)

References

1. Kohn, A. (2013). "Conus imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T192593A2123764. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T192593A2123764.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, 10th ed., 1
3. Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 26 July 2011.
4. George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. VI, p. 9; 1879

• Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp Archived 13 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
• Born, I. von 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, pl. 1, Testacea. – Verzeichniss etc. Illust. Vindobonae. Vienna : J.P. Krauss xlii 458 pp.
• Röding, P.F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Hamburg : Trappii 199 pp.
• Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1810. Tableau des espèces. Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris 15: 29–40
• Dufo, M.H. 1840. Observations sur les Mollusques marins, terrestres et fluviatiles des iles Séchelles et des Amirantes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris 2 14, Zoologie: 45–80
• Reeve, L.A. 1843. Monograph of the genus Conus. pls 1–39 in Reeve, L.A. (ed.). Conchologica Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 1.
• Smith, E.A. 1906. On South African marine mollusca, with descriptions of new species. Annals of the Natal Government Museum 1(1): 19–71, pls 17–18
• Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Mollusques testacés marins de Madagascar. Faune des Colonies Francaises, Tome III
• Barros e Cunha, J.G. de 1933. Catálogo decritivo das Conchas exóticas da colecção António Augusto de Carvalho Monteiro. Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra 1 71: 5–224
• Fenaux 1942. Nouvelles espèces du genre Conus. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique Monaco 814: 1–4
• Demond, J. 1957. Micronesian reef associated gastropods. Pacific Science 11(3): 275–341, fig. 2, pl. 1
• Gillett, K. & McNeill, F. 1959. The Great Barrier Reef and Adjacent Isles: a comprehensive survey for visitor, naturalist and photographer. Sydney : Coral Press 209 pp.
• Rippingale, O.H. & McMichael, D.F. 1961. Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells. Brisbane : Jacaranda Press 210 pp.
• Maes, V.O. 1967. The littoral marine mollusks of Cocos-Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 119: 93–217
• Wils, E. 1970. Familie Conidae; werkgroep "Xenophora". Antwerpen : J. Kruyniers pp. 8–12.
• Wilson, B.R. & Gillett, K. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. Sydney : Reed Books 168 pp.
• Hinton, A. 1972. Shells of New Guinea and the Central Indo-Pacific. Milton : Jacaranda Press xviii 94 pp.
• Salvat, B. & Rives, C. 1975. Coquillages de Polynésie. Tahiti : Papéete Les editions du pacifique, pp. 1–391.
• Cernohorsky, W.O. 1978. Tropical Pacific Marine Shells. Sydney : Pacific Publications 352 pp., 68 pls.
• Kay, E.A. 1979. Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 4 : Mollusca. Honolulu, Hawaii : Bishop Museum Press Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication Vol. 64(4) 653 pp
• Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.
• Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp..
• Filmer R.M. (2001). A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 – 1998. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
• Tucker J.K. (2009). Recent cone species database. September 4, 2009 Edition
• Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23

Gallery

Below are several color forms:

• 
  Conus imperialisLinnaeus, C., 1758
• 
  Conus imperialisLinnaeus, C., 1758
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  Conus imperialisLinnaeus, C., 1758
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  Conus imperialisLinnaeus, C., 1758
• 
  Conus imperialisLinnaeus, C., 1758

External links

• The Conus Biodiversity website
• "Rhombiconus imperialis imperialis". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
• Cone Shells – Knights of the Sea