Crepidotus

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Crepidotus
Wit oorzwammetje s.l. (Crepidotus variabilis s.l.) 12-01-2022. (d.j.b).jpg
Crepidotus variabilis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Crepidotaceae
Genus: Crepidotus
(Fr.) Staude
Type species
Crepidotus mollis
(Schaeff.) Staude
Synonyms [1]
List
  • Phialocybe P.Karst. (1879)
  • Calathinus Quél. (1886)
  • Dochmiopus Pat. (1887)
  • Octojuga Fayod (1889)
  • PleurotellusFayod (1889)
  • TremellopsisPat. (1903)
  • Tremellastrum Clem. (1909)
  • Pellidiscus Donk (1959) [2]

Crepidotus is a genus of fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. Species of Crepidotus all have small, convex to fan-shaped sessile caps and grow on wood or plant debris. The genus has been studied extensively, and monographs of the North American, [3] European, [4] [5] and Neotropical [6] species have been published.

Contents

Crepidotus means cracked ear in latin. [7]

Description

Members of this genus are small, convex to fan-shaped, and sessile. Species have cheilocystidia [8] Spore prints are yellow-brown to brown. All species of Crepidotus are known to be secondary decomposers of plant matter; most are saprobic on wood. Little is known about the edibility of various species; the usually small and insubstantial specimens discourage mycophagy.

Taxonomy

Elias Magnus Fries first circumscribed Crepidotus in 1821 as a tribe in the genus Agaricus, [9] although he later (1836–1838) revised his concept. [10] In 1857, Staude elevated Tribus Crepidotus to a genus, with Agaricus mollis (Schaeff) as the type species. [11] Early descriptions of the genus contained between six and forty-six species, depending on the author. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

In 1947, Rolf Singer wrote a monograph about the genus, and unlike prior treatments, used microscopic characters to help delineate infrageneric (i.e., below genus-level classification) relationships. [19] Based on his revisions, the genus included 30 species. Soon after, Pilát (1950) extended Singer's monograph, including additional species to bring the total species to 75. [20] However, many of his Crepidotus taxa would later be transferred to other genera. Currently, over 320 species are accepted. [21]

Phylogeny

Modern phylogenetic analysis using sequencing data from the 28S rRNA gene region shows that Crepidotus is monophyletic, and that Singer's original concept for the genus may be too narrowly defined. [22] This research showed that a natural evolutionary lineage results if some Pleurotellus species and several taxa formerly aligned with Melanomphalia are included in the generic description.

Distribution

Crepidotus species are cosmopolitan in distribution, and are well-documented from the northern temperate [23] [24] [25] and South American regions. [26] [27]

Species list

Historically, many species of the genus Crepidotus have been described due to differences in single morphological character traits. Phylogenetic analysis is showing that these morphological differences are often due to phenotypic plasticity — species may adapt to different environments by assuming variations in growth forms. Recent taxonomic revisions have shown that several species formerly considered unique are conspecific. [28] [29] [30] Further study is required to more accurately delineate infrageneric relationships in this taxa.

Selected species

List of species from Index Fungorum (synonyms omitted) [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolf Singer</span> German mycologist (1906–1994)

Rolf Singer was a German mycologist and taxonomist of gilled mushrooms (agarics).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agaricales</span> Order of mushrooms

The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics, but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as the Russulales and Boletales. Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi and gasteroid fungi belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more than 400 genera, and over 25,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. Species in the Agaricales range from the familiar Agaricus bisporus and the deadly Amanita virosa to the coral-like Clavaria zollingeri and bracket-like Fistulina hepatica.

<i>Lepiota</i> Genus of fungi

Lepiota is a genus of gilled mushrooms in the family Agaricaceae. All Lepiota species are ground-dwelling saprotrophs with a preference for rich, calcareous soils. Basidiocarps are agaricoid with whitish spores, typically with scaly caps and a ring on the stipe. Around 400 species of Lepiota are currently recognized worldwide. Many species are poisonous, some lethally so.

<i>Clitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.

Gastón Guzmán Huerta, a Mexican mycologist and anthropologist, was an authority on the genus Psilocybe.

<i>Rickenella</i> Genus of fungi

Rickenella is a genus of brightly colored bryophilous agarics in the Hymenochaetales that have an omphalinoid morphology. They inhabit mosses on mossy soils, peats, tree trunks and logs in temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera Contumyces, Gyroflexus, Loreleia, Cantharellopsis and Blasiphalia, as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera Muscinupta and Cotylidia. and the clavarioid genus, Alloclavaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander H. Smith</span> American mycologist (1904-1986)

Alexander Hanchett Smith was an American mycologist known for his extensive contributions to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the higher fungi, especially the agarics.

<i>Crepidotus versutus</i> Species of fungus

Crepidotus versutus, commonly known as the evasive agaric, is a species of fungus in the family Crepidotaceae. It is saprobic on wood, like other Crepidotus species, but it can also decompose herbaceous forest litter. The species is characterized by large, punctate, ellipsoid spores, and the white, hairy pileus.

<i>Rhodocollybia</i> Genus of fungi

Rhodocollybia is a genus of Basidiomycete mushroom. Species in this genus, formerly classified as a subgenus in Collybia, have fairly large caps, and have a pinkish-tinted spore print. Microscopically, they are characterized by having spores and basidia that are dextrinoid—staining deep reddish to reddish-brown with Melzer's reagent when tested for amyloidity. Rhodocollybia species are commonly found in temperate North America and Europe, and infrequently in Central and South America.

<i>Crepidotus mollis</i> Species of mushroom

Crepidotus mollis, commonly known as the peeling oysterling, soft slipper, jelly crep, or flabby crepidotus, is a species of mushroom. It's edibility is unknown, but it is probably inedible and possibly poisonous.

Neopaxillus is a genus of fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the family contains five species found in Central and South America; a sixth, N. dominicanus, was reported in 2011. It was formerly considered to belong in the family Serpulaceae in the order Boletales, but molecular analysis showed that Neopaxillus is better placed in the Agaricales as a sister group to Crepidotus.

Clarkeinda trachodes is a poisonous mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. This agaric species is only distributed in South and Southeast Asia in countries such as Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It has both a partial and universal veil, and dark-colorer spores.

References

  1. ↑ "Crepidotus (Fr.) Staude 1857". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  2. ↑ Petersen G, Knudsen H, Seberg O (2010). "Alignment, clade robustness and fungal phylogenetics—Crepidotaceae and sister families revisited". Cladistics. 26 (1): 62–71. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00279.x. PMID   34875756.
  3. ↑ Hesler LR, Smith AH. (1965). North American Species of Crepidotus. Hafner Publishing Company, NY. 168 pp.
  4. ↑ Nordstein S. (1990). The Genus Crepidotus (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales) in Norway. Synopsis Fungorum, Norway. 115 pp.
  5. ↑ Senn-Irlet B. 1994. Systematisch-taxonomische Studien in der Mykologie: Die Gattung Crepidotus (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes). Ph.D. Dissertation, Universität Lausanne, Switzerland. 267 pp.
  6. ↑ Singer R. (1973). Monograph of the neotropical species of Crepidotus. Beihefte Nova Hedwigia44: 241–484.
  7. ↑ Crepidotus crocophyllus, the orange crep
  8. ↑ Singer, Rolf (1986). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN   3-87429-254-1.
  9. ↑ Fries E. (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Reprint 1952, Johnson Reprint Corp. 520 pp.
  10. ↑ Fries E. (1836-1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici, Synopsis Hymenomycetum. Reprint 1989, Shiva Offset Press, India. 610 pp.
  11. ↑ Staude F. (1857). Die Schwéamme Mitteldeutschlands, Insbesondere des Herzogthums Coburg. Coburg, Germany.
  12. ↑ Peck CH. (1886). New York species of Pleurotus, Claudopus, and Crepidotus. Annual Report of the Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History39: 58-73.
  13. ↑ Quélet L. (1888). Flore Mycologique de la France. Reprint 1962, A. Asher and Co., Amsterdam. 492 pp.
  14. ↑ Murrill WA. (1913). The Agaricaceae of tropical North America—VI. Mycologia 5: 18-36.
  15. ↑ Murrill WA. (1917). Crepidotus (Fries) Quél. North American Flora10: 148-158.
  16. ↑ Kauffman CH. (1918). The Agaricaceae of Michigan, Vol. I. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, Lansing, MI. 924 pp.
  17. ↑ Imai S. (1938). Studies on the Agaricaceae of Hokkaido II. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido Imperial University43: 238-243.
  18. ↑ Lange JE. (1938). Studies in the agarics of Denmark XII. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 9: 50-53.
  19. ↑ Singer R. (1947). Contributions toward a monograph of the genus “Crepidotus”. Lilloa13: 59- 95.
  20. ↑ Pilát, A. (1950). Revision of the types of some extra-European species of the genus Crepidotus Fr. Transactions of the British Mycological Society33: 215–249.
  21. 1 2 "Index Fungorum search results "crepidotus"". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  22. ↑ Aime C. (2001). Biosystematic studies in Crepidotus and the Crepidotaceae (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales). Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 194 pp.
  23. ↑ Watling R, Gregory NM. (1989). British Fungus Flora: Agarics and Boleti 6/Crepidotaceae, Pleurotaceae and other Pleurotoid agarics. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 157 pp.
  24. ↑ Senn-Irlet B. (1995). The genus Crepidotus in Europe. Persoonia16: 1-80.
  25. ↑ Stangl J, Krieglsteiner GJ, Enderle M. (1991). Die gattung Crepidotus (Fries) Staude 1987 in Deutschland unter besonderer berücksichtigung augsburger funde. Zeitschrift für Mykologie57: 117-148.
  26. ↑ Singer R, Moser M. (1965). Forest mycology and forest communities in South America. I. The early fall aspect of the mycoflora of the Cordillera Pelada (Chile), with a mycogeographic analysis and conclusions regarding the heterogeneity of the Valdivian Floral district. Mycopathology et Mycologia Applicata26:129-191.
  27. ↑ Senn-Irlet B, and de Meijer AAR. (1998). The genus Crepidotus from the state of Paraná, Brazil. Mycotaxon66: 165-199.
  28. ↑ Bandala VM, Montoya L. (2000). A taxonomic revision of some American Crepidotus. Mycologia92(2): 341-353.
  29. ↑ Ripkova S, Aime MC. (2005). Crepidotus crocophyllus includes C. nephrodes. Mycotaxon91: 397-403.
  30. ↑ Bandala VM, Montoya L. (2008). Type studies in the genus Crepidotus. Mycotaxon103: 235-254.
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